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In addition to these�察�the General government is clothed with the  treaty´making power�察�and the whole charge of the foreign  relations of the country�察�with power to admit new States into  the Union�察�to dispose of and make all needful rules and  regulations concerning the territory and all other property  belonging to the United States�察�to declare�察�with certain  restrictions�察�the punishment 259                              of treason�察�the constitution itself  defining what is treason against the United States�察�and to  propose�察�or to call�察�on the application of the legislatures of  two´thirds of all the states�察�a convention for proposing  amendments to this constitution�察�and is vested with supreme  judicial power�察�original or appellate�察�in all cases of law and  equity arising under this constitution�察�the laws of the United  States�察�and treaties made or to be made under their authority�察 �in all cases affecting ambassadors�察�other public ministers�察�and  consuls�察�in all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction�察�in  all controversies to which the United States shall be a party�察 �all controversies between two or more States�察�between a State  and citizens of another State�察�between citizens of different  States�察�between citizens of the same State claiming lands under  grants of different States�察�and between a State or the citizens  thereof and foreign states�察�citizens�察�or subjects。

These�察�with what is incidental to them�察�and what is necessary  and proper to carry them into effect�察�are all the positive  powers with which the convention vests the General government�察 �or government of the United States�察�as distinguished from the  governments of the particular States�察�and these�察�with the  exception of what relates to the district in which it has 260                                                           its  seat�察�and places of forts�察�magazines�察�&c。�察�are of a general  nature�察�and restricted to the common relations and interests of  the people�察�or at least to interests and relations which extend  beyond the limits of a particular State。  They are all powers  that regard matters which extend beyond not only the individual  citizen�察�but the individual State�察�and affect alike the  relations and interests of all the States�察�or matters which  cannot be disposed of by a State government without the exercise  of extra´territorial jurisdiction。  They give the government no  jurisdiction of questions which affect individuals or citizens  only in their private and domestic relations which lie wholly  within a particular State。  The General government does not  legislate concerning private rights�察�whether of persons or  things�察�the tenure of real estate�察�marriage�察�dower�察�inheritance�察 �wills�察�the transferrence or transmission of property�察�real or  personal�察�it can charter no private corporations�察�out of the  District of Columbia�察�for business�察�literary�察�scientific�察�or  eleemosynary purposes�察�establish no schools�察�found no colleges  or universities�察�and promote science and the useful arts only by  securing to authors and inventors for a time the exclusive right  to their writings and discoveries。  The United States Bank was  man´ 261    ifestly unconstitutional�察�as probably are the present  so´called national banks。  The United States Bank was a private  or particular corporation�察�and the present national banks are  only corporations of the same sort�察�though organized under a  general law。  The pretence that they are established to supply a  national currency�察�does not save their constitutionality�察�for  the convention has not given the General government the power  nor imposed on it the duty of furnishing a national currency。   To coin money�察�and regulate the value thereof�察�is something very  different from authorizing private companies to issue bank  notes�察�on the basis of the public stocks held as private  property�察�or even on what is called a specie basis。  To claim  the power under the general welfare clause would be a simple  mockery of good sense。  It is no more for the general welfare  than any other successful private business。  The private welfare  of each is�察�no doubt�察�for the welfare of all�察�but not therefore  is it the ;general welfare�察─�for what is private�察�particular in  its nature�察�is not and cannot be general。  To understand by  general welfare that which is for the individual welfare of all  or the greater number�察�would be to claim for the General  government all the powers of government�察�and 262                                              to deny that very  division of powers which is the crowning merit of the American  system。  The general welfare�察�by the very force of the words  themselves�察�means the common as distinguished from the private  or individual welfare。  The system of national banks may or may  not be a good and desirable system�察�but it is difficult to  understand the constitutional power of the General government to  establish it。

On the ground that its powers are general�察�not particular�察�the  General government has no power to lay a protective tariff。  It  can lay a tariff for revenue�察�not for protection of home  manufactures or home industry�察�for the interests fostered�察�even  though indirectly advantageous to the whole people�察�are in their  nature private or particular�察�not general interests�察�and chiefly  interests of private corporations and capitalists。  Their  incidental or even consequential effects do not change their  direct and essential nature。  So with domestic slavery。  Slavery  comes under the head of private rights�察�whether regarded on the  side of the master or on the side of the slave。  The right of a  citizen to hold a slave�察�if a right at all�察�is the private right  of property�察�and the right of the slave to his freedom is a  private and personal right�察�and neither is placed under the  safeguard of the General government�察�263                                      which has nowhere�察�unless  in the District of Columbia and the places over which it has  exclusive legislative power in all cases whatsoever�察�either the  right to establish it or to abolish it�察�except perhaps under the  war power�察�as a military necessity�察�an indemnity for the past�察 �or a security for the future。

This applies to what are called Territories as well as to the  States。  The right of the government to govern the Territories  in regard to private and particular rights and interests�察�is  derived from no express grant of power�察�and is held only ex  necessitatethe United States owning the domain�察�and there  being no other authority competent to govern them。  But�察�as in  the case of all powers held ex necessitate�察�the power is  restricted to the absolute necessity in the case。  What are  called Territorial governments�察�to distinguish them from the  State governments�察�are only provisional governments�察�and can  touch private rights and interests no further than is necessary  to preserve order and prepare the way for the organization and  installation of a regular State government。  Till then the law  governing private rights is the law that was in force�察�if any  such there was�察�when the territory became by purchase�察�by 264 conquest�察�or by treaty�察�attached to the domain of the United  States。

Hence the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional the ordinance  of l787�察�prohibiting slavery in what was called the territory of  the Northwest�察�and the so´called Missouri Compromise�察 �prohibiting slavery north of the parallel 36' 30'。  The Wilmot  proviso was for the same reason unconstitutional。  The General  government never had and has not any power to exclude slavery  from the Territories�察�any more than to abolish it in the States。   But slavery being a local institution�察�sustained neither by the  law of nature nor the law of nations�察�no citizen migrating from  a slave State could carry his slaves with him�察�and hold them as  slaves in the Territory。  Rights enacted by local law are rights  only in that locality�察�and slaves carried by their masters into  a slave State even�察�are free�察�unless the State into which they  are carried enacts to the contrary。  The only persons that could  be held as slaves in a Territory would be those who were slaves  or the children of those who were slaves in the Territory when  it passed to the United States。  The whole controversy on�察 �slavery in the Territories�察�and which culminated in the civil  war�察�was wholly unnecessary�察�and never could have  265                                                   occurred had  the constitution been properly understood and adhered to by both  sides。  True�察�Congress could not exclude slavery from the  Territory�察�but neither could citizens migrating to them hold  slaves in them�察�and so really slavery was virtually excluded�察 �for the inhabitants in nearly all of them�察�not emigrants from  the States after the cession to the United States�察�were too few  to be counted。

The General government has power to establish a uniform rule of  naturalization�察�to which all the States must conform�察�and it was  very proper that it should have this power�察�so as to prevent one  State from gaining by its naturalization laws an undue advantage  over another�察�but the General government has itself no power to  naturalize a single foreigner�察�or in any case to say who shall  or who shall not be citizens�察�either of a State or of the United  States�察�or to declare who may or may not be electors even of its  own officers。  The convention ordains that members of the house  of representatives shall be chosen by electors who have the  qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous  branch of the State legislature�察�but the State determines these  qualifications�察�and who do or do not possess them�察�that the  senators shall be chosen by the State legislatures�察�and  266                                                    that the  electors of President and Vice´President shall be appointed in  such manner as the respective State legislatures may direct。  The  whole question of citizenship�察�what shall or shall not be the  qualifications of electors�察�who shall or shall not be freemen�察�is  reserved to the�察�States�察�as coming under the head of personal or  private rights and franchises。  In practice�察�the exact line of  demarcation may not always have been strictly observed either by  the General government or

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