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the american republic-及4何蛍

弌傍�� the american republic 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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own  country�察�but is simply an American�察�devoted to the real�察�living�察 �and energizing constitution of the American republic as it is�察 �not as some may fancy it might be�察�or are striving to make it。   It is�察�in his judgment�察�what it ought to be�察�and he has no other  ambition than to present it as it is to the understanding and  love of his countrymen。

Perhaps simple artistic unity and propriety would require the  author to commence his essay directly with the United States�察�but  while the constitution of the United States is original and  peculiar�察�the government of the United States has necessarily  something in common with all legitimate governments�察�and he has  thought it best to precede his discussion of the American  republic�察�its constitution�察�tenden´ 14                                   cies�察�and destiny�察�by some  considerations on government in general。  He does this because he  believes�察�whether rightly or not�察�that while the American people  have received from Providence a most truly profound and admirable  system of government�察�they are more or less infected with the  false theories of government which have been broached during the  last two centuries。  In attempting to realize these theories�察 �they have already provoked or rendered practicable a rebellion  which has seriously threatened the national existence�察�and come  very near putting an end to the American order of civilization  itself。  These theories have received already a shock in the  minds of all serious and thinking men�察�but the men who think are  in every nation a small minority�察�and it is necessary to give  these theories a public refutation�察�and bring back those who do  not think�察�as well as those who do�察�from the world of dreams to  the world of reality。  It is hoped�察�therefore�察�that any apparent  want of artistic unity or symmetry in the essay will be pardoned  for the sake of the end the author has had in view。






CHAPTER II。

GOVERNMENT。


Man is a dependent being�察�and neither does nor can suffice for  himself。  He lives not in himself�察�but lives and moves and has  his being in God。  He exists�察�develops�察�and fulfils his existence  only by communion with God�察�through which he participates of the  divine being and life。  He communes with God through the divine  creative act and the Incarnation of the Word�察�through his kind�察 �and through the material world。  Communion with God through  Creation and Incarnation is religion�察�distinctively taken�察�which  binds man to God as his first cause�察�and carries him onward to  God as his final cause�察�communion through the material world is  expressed by the word property�察�and communion with God through  humanity is society。  Religion�察�society�察�property�察�are the three  terms that embrace the whole of man's life�察�and express the  essential means and conditions of his existence�察�his development�察 �and his perfec´ 16                tion�察�or the fulfilment of his existence�察�the  attainment of the end for which he is created。

Though society�察�or the communion of man with his Maker through  his kind�察�is not all that man needs in order to live�察�to grow�察 �to actualize the possibilities of his nature�察�and to attain to  his beatitude�察�since humanity is neither God nor the material  universe�察�it is yet a necessary and essential condition of his  life�察�his progress�察�and the completion of his existence。  He is  born and lives in society�察�and can be born and live nowhere else。   It is one of the necessities of his nature。  ;God saw that it was  not good for man to be alone。;  Hence�察�wherever man is found he  is found in society�察�living in more or less strict intercourse  with his kind。

But society never does and never can exist without government of  some sort。  As society is a necessity of man's nature�察�so is  government a necessity of society。  The simplest form of society  is the familyAdam and Eve。  But though Adam and Eve are in many  respects equal�察�and have equally important though different parts  assigned them�察�one or the other must be head and governor�察�or  they cannot form the society called family。  They would be simply  two individuals of different sexes�察�and the family would fail for  the want of unity。

17 Children cannot be reared�察�trained�察�or educated without some  degree of family government�察�of some authority to direct�察 �control�察�restrain�察�or prescribe。  Hence the authority of the  husband and father is recognized by the common consent of  mankind。  Still more apparent is the necessity of government the  moment the family develops and grows into the tribe�察�and the  tribe into the nation。  Hence no nation exists without  government�察�and we never find a savage tribe�察�however low or  degraded�察�that does not assert somewhere in the father�察�in the  elders�察�or in the tribe itself�察�the rude outlines or the faint  reminiscences of some sort of government�察�with authority to  demand obedience and to punish the refractory。  Hence�察�as man is  nowhere found out of society�察�so nowhere is society found without  government。

Government is necessary�此�but let it be remarked by the way�察�that  its necessity does not grow exclusively or chiefly out of the  fact that the human race by sin has fallen from its primitive  integrity�察�or original righteousness。  The fall asserted by  Christian theology�察�though often misinterpreted�察�and its effects  underrated or exaggerated�察�is a fact too sadly confirmed by  individual experience and universal history�察�but it is not the  cause why government is neces´ 18                              sary�察�though it may be an additional  reason for demanding it。  Government would have been necessary if  man had not sinned�察�and it is needed for the good as well as for  the bad。  The law was promulgated in the Garden�察�while man  retained his innocence and remained in the integrity of his  nature。  It exists in heaven as well as on earth�察�and in heaven  in its perfection。  Its office is not purely repressive�察�to  restrain violence�察�to redress wrongs�察�and to punish the  transgressor。  It has something more to do than to restrict our  natural liberty�察�curb our passions�察�and maintain justice between  man and man。  Its office is positive as well as negative。  It is  needed to render effective the solidarity of the individuals of a  nation�察�and to render the nation an organism�察�not a mere  organizationto combine men in one living body�察�and to  strengthen all with the strength of each�察�and each with the  strength of allto develop�察�strengthen�察�and sustain individual  liberty�察�and to utilize and direct it to the promotion of the  common wealto be a social providence�察�imitating in its order  and degree the action of the divine providence itself�察�and�察�while  it provides for the common good of all�察�to protect each�察�the  lowest and meanest�察�with the whole force and majesty of society。   It is the minister of wrath to wrong´ 19                                     doers�察�indeed�察�but its nature  is beneficent�察�and its action defines and protects the right of  property�察�creates and maintains a medium in which religion can  exert her supernatural energy�察�promotes learning�察�fosters science  and art�察�advances civilization�察�and contributes as a powerful  means to the fulfilment by man of the Divine purpose in his  existence。  Next after religion�察�it is man's greatest good�察�and  even religion without it can do only a small portion of her work。   They wrong it who call it a necessary evil�察�it is a great good�察 �and�察�instead of being distrusted�察�hated�察�or resisted�察�except in  its abuses�察�it should be loved�察�respected�察�obeyed�察�and if need  be�察�defended at the cost of all earthly goods�察�and even of life  itself。

The nature or essence of government is to govern。  A government  that does not govern�察�is simply no government at all。  If it has  not the ability to govern and governs not�察�it may be an agency�察 �an instrument in the bands of individuals for advancing their  private interests�察�but it is not government。  To be government it  must govern both individuals and the community。  If it is a mere  machine for making prevail the will of one man�察�of a certain  number of men�察�or even of the community�察�it may be very effective  sometimes for good�察�sometimes 20                               for evil�察�oftenest for evil�察�but  government in the proper sense of the word it is not。  To govern  is to direct�察�control�察�restrain�察�as the pilot controls and  directs his ship。  It necessarily implies two terms�察�governor and  governed�察�and a real distinction between them。  The denial of all  real distinction between governor and governed is an error in  politics analogous to that in philosophy or theology of denying  all real distinction between creator and creature�察�God and the  universe�察�which all the world knows is either pantheism or pure  atheismthe supreme sophism。  If we make governor and governed  one and the same�察�we efface both terms�察�for there is no governor  nor governed�察�if the will that governs is identically the will  that is governed。  To make the controller and the controlled the  same is precisely to deny all control。  There must�察�then�察�if  there is government at all�察�be a power�察�force�察�or will that  governs�察�distinct from that which is governed。  In those  governments in which it is held that the people govern�察�the  people governing do and must act in a diverse relation from the  people governed�察�or there is no real government。

Government is not only that which governs�察�but that which has the  right or authority to govern。  Power without right is not  govern´ 21       ment。  Governments have the right to use force at need�察�but  might does not make right�察�and not every power wielding the  physical force of a nation is to be regarded as its rightful  government。  Whatever resort to physical force it may be obliged  to make�察�either in defence of its authority or of the rights of  the nation�察�the government itself lies in the moral order�察�and  politics is simply a branch of ethicsthat branch which treats  of the rights and duties of men in their public relations�察�as  distinguished from their rights and duties in their private  relations。

Government being not only that which governs�察�but that which has  the right to govern�察�obedience to it becomes a moral duty�察�not a  mere physical necessity。  The right to govern and th

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