wealbk01-第59部分

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may　not；　however；　upon　that　account　be　altogether　useless。

　　　　　It　may　be　of　some　use　to　the　public　by　affording　an　easy

proof　of　the　prosperous　condition　of　the　country。　If　the　rise　in

the　price　of　some　sorts　of　provisions　be　owing　altogether　to　a

fall　in　the　value　of　silver；　it　is　owing　to　a　circumstance　from

which　nothing　can　be　inferred　but　the　fertility　of　the　American

mines。　The　real　wealth　of　the　country；　the　annual　produce　of　its

land　and　labour；　may；　notwithstanding　this　circumstance；　be

either　gradually　declining；　as　in　Portugal　and　Poland；　or

gradually　advancing；　as　in　most　other　parts　of　Europe。　But　if

this　rise　in　the　price　of　some　sorts　of　provisions　be　owing　to　a

rise　in　the　real　value　of　the　land　which　produces　them；　to　its

increased　fertility；　or；　in　consequence　of　more　extended

improvement　and　good　cultivation；　to　its　having　been　rendered　fit

for　producing　corn；　it　is　owing　to　a　circumstance　which　indicates

in　the　clearest　manner　the　prosperous　and　advancing　state　of　the

country。　The　land　constitutes　by　far　the　greatest；　the　most

important；　and　the　most　durable　part　of　the　wealth　of　every

extensive　country。　It　may　surely　be　of　some　use；　or；　at　least；　it

may　give　some　satisfaction　to　the　public；　to　have　so　decisive　a

proof　of　the　increasing　value　of　by　far　the　greatest；　the　most

important；　and　the　most　durable　part　of　its　wealth。

　　　　　It　may；　too；　be　of　some　use　to　the　public　in　regulating　the

pecuniary　reward　of　some　of　its　inferior　servants。　If　this　rise

in　the　price　of　some　sorts　of　provisions　be　owing　to　a　fall　in

the　value　of　silver；　their　pecuniary　reward；　provided　it　was　not

too　large　before；　ought　certainly　to　be　augmented　in　proportion

to　the　extent　of　this　fall。　If　it　is　not　augmented；　their　real

recompense　will　evidently　be　so　much　diminished。　But　if　this　rise

of　price　is　owing　to　the　increased　value；　in　consequence　of　the

improved　fertility　of　the　land　which　produces　such　provisions；　it

becomes　a　much　nicer　matter　to　judge　either　in　what　proportion

any　pecuniary　reward　ought　to　be　augmented；　or　whether　it　ought

to　be　augmented　at　all。　The　extension　of　improvement　and

cultivation；　as　it　necessarily　raises　more　or　less；　in　proportion

to　the　price　of　corn；　that　of　every　sort　of　animal　food；　so　it　as

necessarily　lowers　that　of；　I　believe；　every　sort　of　vegetable

food。　It　raises　the　price　of　animal　food；　because　a　great　part　of

the　land　which　produces　it；　being　rendered　fit　for　producing

corn；　must　afford　to　the　landlord　and　farmer　the　rent　and　profit

of　corn…land。　It　lowers　the　price　of　vegetable　food；　because；　by

increasing　the　fertility　of　the　land；　it　increases　its　abundance。

The　improvements　of　agriculture；　too；　introduce　many　sorts　of

vegetable　food；　which；　requiring　less　land　and　not　more　labour

than　corn；　come　much　cheaper　to　market。　Such　are　potatoes　and

maize；　or　what　is　called　Indian　corn；　the　two　most　important

improvements　which　the　agriculture　of　Europe；　perhaps；　which

Europe　itself　has　received　from　the　great　extension　of　its

commerce　and　navigation。　Many　sorts　of　vegetable　food；　besides；

which　in　the　rude　state　of　agriculture　are　confined　to　the

kitchen…garden；　and　raised　only　by　the　spade；　come　in　its

improved　state　to　be　introduced　into　common　fields；　and　to　be

raised　by　the　plough：　such　as　turnips；　carrots；　cabbages；　etc。　If

in　the　progress　of　improvement；　therefore；　the　real　price　of　one

species　of　food　necessarily　rises；　that　of　another　as　necessarily

falls；　and　it　becomes　a　matter　of　more　nicety　to　judge　how　far

the　rise　in　the　one　may　be　compensated　by　the　fall　in　the　other。

When　the　real　price　of　butcher's　meat　has　once　got　to　its　height

（which；　with　regard　to　every　sort；　except；　perhaps；　that　of　hogs'

flesh；　it　seems　to　have　done　through　a　great　part　of　England　more

than　a　century　ago）；　any　rise　which　can　afterwards　happen　in　that

of　any　other　sort　of　animal　food　cannot　much　affect　the

circumstances　of　the　inferior　ranks　of　people。　The　circumstances

of　the　poor　through　a　great　part　of　England　cannot　surely　be　so

much　distressed　by　any　rise　in　the　price　of　poultry；　fish；

wild…fowl；　or　venison；　as　they　must　be　relieved　by　the　fall　in

that　of　potatoes。

　　　　　In　the　present　season　of　scarcity　the　high　price　of　corn　no

doubt　distresses　the　poor。　But　in　times　of　moderate　plenty；　when

corn　is　at　its　ordinary　or　average　price；　the　natural　rise　in　the

price　of　any　other　sort　of　rude　produce　cannot　much　affect　them。

They　suffer　more；　perhaps；　by　the　artificial　rise　which　has　been

occasioned　by　taxes　in　the　price　of　some　manufactured

commodities；　as　of　salt；　soap；　leather；　candles；　malt；　beer；　and

ale；　etc。　

　　　　　　　　EFFECTS　OF　THE　PROGRESS　OF　IMPROVEMENT　UPON　THE　REAL

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　PRICE　OF　MANUFACTURES　

　　　　　It　is　the　natural　effect　of　improvement；　however；　to

diminish　gradually　the　real　price　of　almost　all　manufactures。

That　of　the　manufacturing　workmanship　diminishes；　perhaps；　in　all

of　them　without　exception。　In　consequence　of　better　machinery；　of

greater　dexterity；　and　of　a　more　proper　division　and　distribution

of　work；　all　of　which　are　the　natural　effects　of　improvement；　a

much　smaller　quantity　of　labour　becomes　requisite　for　executing

any　particular　piece　of　work；　and　though；　in　consequence　of　the

flourishing　circumstances　of　the　society；　the　real　price　of

labour　should　rise　very　considerably；　yet　the　great　diminution　of

the　quantity　will　generally　much　more　than　compensate　the

greatest　rise　which　can　happen　in　the　price。

　　　　　There　are；　indeed；　a　few　manufactures　in　which　the　necessary

rise　in　the　real　price　of　the　rude　materials　will　more　than

compensate　all　the　advantages　which　improvement　can　introduce

into　the　execution　of　the　work。　In　carpenters'　and　joiners'　work；

and　in　the　coarser　sort　of　cabinet　work；　the　necessary　rise　in

the　real　price　of　barren　timber；　in　consequence　of　the

improvement　of　land；　will　more　than　compensate　all　the　advantages

which　can　be　derived　from　the　best　machinery；　the　greatest

dexterity；　and　the　most　proper　division　and　distribution　of　work。

　　　　　But　in　all　cases　in　which　the　real　price　of　the　rude

materials　either　does　not　rise　at　all；　or　does　not　rise　very

much；　that　of　the　manufactured　commodity　sinks　very　considerably。

　　　　　This　diminution　of　price　has；　in　the　course　of　the　present

and　preceding　century；　been　most　remarkable　in　those　manufactures

of　which　the　materials　are　the　coarser　metals。　A　better　movement

of　a　watch；　that　about　the　middle　of　the　last　century　could　have

been　bought　for　twenty　pounds；　may　now　perhaps　be　had　for　twenty

shillings。　In　the　work　of　cutiers　and　locksmiths；　in　all　the　toys

which　are　made　of　the　coarser　metals；　and　in　all　those　goods

which　are　commonly　known　by　the　name　of　Birmingham　and　Sheffield

ware；　there　has　been；　during　the　same　period；　a　very　great

reduction　of　price；　though　not　altogether　so　great　as　in

watch…work。　It　has；　however；　been　sufficient　to　astonish　the

workmen　of　every　other　part　of　Europe；　who　in　many　cases

acknowledge　that　they　can　produce　no　work　of　equal　goodness　for

double；　or　even　for　triple　the　price。　There　are　perhaps　no

manufactures　in　which　the　division　of　labour　can　be　carried

further；　or　in　which　the　machinery　employed　admits　of　a　greater

variety　of　improvements；　than　those　of　which　the　materials　are

the　coarser　metals。

　　　　　In　the　clothing　manufacture　there　has；　during　the　same

period；　been　no　such　sensible　reduction　of　price。　The　price　of

superfine　cloth；　I　have　been　assured；　on　the　contrary；　has；

within　these　five…and…twenty　or　thirty　years；　risen　somewhat　in

proportion　to　its　quality；　owing；　it　was　said；　to　a　considerable

rise　in　the　price　of　the　material；　which　consists　altogether　of

Spanish　wool。　That　of　the　Yorkshire　cloth；　which　is　made

altogether　of　English　wool；　is　said　indeed；　during　the　course　of

the　present　century；　to　have　fallen　a　good　deal　in　proportion　to

its　quality。　Quality；　however；　is　so　very　disputable　a　matter

that　I　look　upon　all　information　of　this　kind　as　somewhat

uncertain。　In　the　clothing　manufacture；　the　division　of　labour　is

nearly　the　same　now　as　it　was　a　century　ago；　and　the　machinery

employed　is　not　very　different。　There　may；　however；　have　been

some　small　improvements　in　both；　which　may　have　occasioned　some

reduction　of　price。

　　　　　But　the　reduction　will　appear　much　more　sensible　and

undeniable　if　we　compare　the　price　of　this　manufacture　in　the

present　times　with　what　it　was　in　a　much　remoter　period；　towards

the　end　of　the　fifteenth　century；　when　the　labour　was　probably

much　less　subdivided；　and　the　machinery　employed　much　more

imperfect；　than　it　is　at　present。

　　　　　In　1487；　being　the　4th　of　Henry　VII；　it　was　enacted　that

〃whosoever　shall　sell　by　retail　a　broad　yard　of　the　finest

scarlet　grained；　or　of　other　grained　cloth　of　the　finest　making；

above　sixteen　shillings；　shall　forfeit　forty　shillings　for　every

yard　so　sold。〃　Sixteen　shillings；　therefore；　containing　about　the

same　quantity　of　silver　as　four…and…twenty　shillings　of　our

present　money；　was；　at　that　time；　reckoned　not　an　unreasonable

price　for　a　yard　of　the　finest　cloth；　and　as　this　is　a　sumptuary

law；　such　cloth；　it　is　probable；　had　usually　been　sold　somewhat

dearer。　A　guinea　may　be　reckoned　the　highest　price　in　the　present

times。　Even　though　the　quality　of　the　cloths；　therefore；　should

be　supposed　equal；　and　that　of　the　present　times　is　most　probably

much　superior；　yet；　even　upon　this　supposition；　the　money　price

of　the　finest　cloth　appears　to　have　been　considerably　reduced

since　the　end　of　the　fifteenth　century。　But　its　real　price　has

been　much　more　reduced。　Six　shillings　and　eightpence　was　then；

and　long　afterwards；　reckoned　the　average　price　of　a　quarter　of

wheat。　Sixteen　shillings；　therefore；　was　the　price　of　two

quarters　and　more　than　three　bushels　of　wheat。　Valuing　a　quarter

of　wheat　in　the　present　times　at　eight…and…twenty