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   BOOK II�此�OF THE TRAVELLING OF THE UTOPIANS







      IF any man has a mind to visit his friends that live in some other 


      town�察�or desires to travel and see the rest of the country�察�he 


      obtains leave very easily from the syphogrant and tranibors when 


      there is no particular occasion for him at home�此�such as travel�察�


      carry with them a passport from the Prince�察�which both certifies 


      the license that is granted for travelling�察�and limits the time of 


      their return。 They are furnished with a wagon�察�and a slave who 


      drives the oxen and looks after them�察�but unless there are women 


      in the company�察�the wagon is sent back at the end of the journey 


      as a needless encumbrance。 While they are on the road�察�they carry 


      no provisions with them�察�yet they want nothing�察�but are everywhere 


      treated as if they were at home。 If they stay in any place longer 


      than a night�察�everyone follows his proper occupation�察�and is very 


      well used by those of his own trade�察�but if any man goes out of 


      the city to which he belongs�察�without leave�察�and is found rambling 


      without a passport�察�he is severely treated�察�he is punished as a 


      fugitive�察�and sent home disgracefully�察�and if he falls again into 


      the like fault�察�is condemned to slavery。 If any man has a mind to 


      travel only over the precinct of his own city�察�he may freely do 


      it�察�with his father's permission and his wife's consent�察�but when 


      he comes into any of the country houses�察�if he expects to be 


      entertained by them�察�he must labor with them and conform to their 


      rules�此�and if he does this�察�he may freely go over the whole 


      precinct�察�being thus as useful to the city to which he belongs�察�as 


      if he were still within it。 Thus you see that there are no idle 


      persons among them�察�nor pretences of excusing any from labor。 


      There are no taverns�察�no alehouses nor stews among them�察�nor any 


      other occasions of corrupting each other�察�of getting into corners�察�


      or forming themselves into parties�此�all men live in full view�察�so 


      that all are obliged�察�both to perform their ordinary tasks�察�and to 


      employ themselves well in their spare hours。 And it is certain 


      that a people thus ordered must live in great abundance of all 


      things�察�and these being equally distributed among them�察�no man can 


      want�察�or be obliged to beg。





      In their great Council at Amaurot�察�to which there are three sent 


      from every town once a year�察�they examine what towns abound in 


      provisions and what are under any scarcity�察�that so the one may be 


      furnished from the other�察�and this is done freely�察�without any 


      sort of exchange�察�for according to their plenty or scarcity they 


      supply or are supplied from one another�察�so that indeed the whole 


      island is�察�as it were�察�one family。 When they have thus taken care 


      of their whole country�察�and laid up stores for two years�察�which 


      they do to prevent the ill´consequences of an unfavorable season�察�


      they order an exportation of the overplus�察�of corn�察�honey�察�wool�察�


      flax�察�wood�察�wax�察�tallow�察�leather�察�and cattle�察�which they send out 


      commonly in great quantities to other nations。 They order a 


      seventh part of all these goods to be freely given to the poor of 


      the countries to which they send them�察�and sell the rest at 


      moderate rates。 And by this exchange�察�they not only bring back 


      those few things that they need at home ��for indeed they scarce 


      need anything but iron���察�but likewise a great deal of gold and 


      silver�察�and by their driving this trade so long�察�it is not to be 


      imagined how vast a treasure they have got among them�此�so that now 


      they do not much care whether they sell off their merchandise for 


      money in hand�察�or upon trust。





      A great part of their treasure is now in bonds�察�but in all their 


      contracts no private man stands bound�察�but the writing runs in the 


      name of the town�察�and the towns that owe them money raise it from 


      those private hands that owe it to them�察�lay it Up in their public 


      chamber�察�or enjoy the profit of it till the Utopians call for it�察�


      and they choose rather to let the greatest part of it lie in their 


      hands who make advantage by it�察�than to call for it themselves�此�


      but if they see that any of their other neighbors stand more in 


      need of it�察�then they call it in and lend it to them�此�whenever 


      they are engaged in war�察�which is the only occasion in which their 


      treasure can be usefully employed�察�they make use of it themselves。 


      In great extremities or sudden accidents they employ it in hiring 


      foreign troops�察�whom they more willingly expose to danger than 


      their own people�此�they give them great pay�察�knowing well that this 


      will work even on their enemies�察�that it will engage them either 


      to betray their own side�察�or at least to desert it�察�and that it is 


      the best means of raising mutual jealousies among them�此�for this 


      end they have an incredible treasure�察�but they do not keep it as a 


      treasure�察�but in such a manner as I am almost afraid to tell�察�lest 


      you think it so extravagant�察�as to be hardly credible。 This I have 


      the more reason to apprehend�察�because if I had not seen it myself�察�


      I could not have been easily persuaded to have believed it upon 


      any man's report。





      It is certain that all things appear incredible to us�察�in 


      proportion as they differ from our own customs。 But one who can 


      judge aright will not wonder to find that�察�since their 


      constitution differs so much from ours�察�their value of gold and 


      silver should be measured by a very different standard�察�for since 


      they have no use for money among themselves�察�but keep it as a 


      provision against events which seldom happen�察�and between which 


      there are generally long intervening intervals�察�they value it no 


      farther than it deserves�察�that is�察�in proportion to its use。 So 


      that it is plain they must prefer iron either to gold or silver�察�


      for men can no more live without iron than without fire or water�察�


      but nature has marked out no use for the other metals�察�so 


      essential as not easily to be dispensed with。 The folly of men has 


      enhanced the value of gold and silver�察�because of their scarcity。 


      Whereas�察�on the contrary�察�it is their opinion that nature�察�as an 


      indulgent parent�察�has freely given us all the best things in great 


      abundance�察�such as water and earth�察�but has laid up and hid from 


      us the things that are vain and useless。





      If these metals were laid up in any tower in the kingdom�察�it would 


      raise a jealousy of the Prince and Senate�察�and give birth to that 


      foolish mistrust into which the people are apt to fall�察�a jealousy 


      of their intending to sacrifice the interest of the public to 


      their own private advantage。 If they should work it into vessels 


      or any sort of plate�察�they fear that the people might grow too 


      fond of it�察�and so be unwilling to let the plate be run down if a 


      war made it necessary to employ it in paying their soldiers。 To 


      prevent all these inconveniences�察�they have fallen upon an 


      expedient�察�which�察�as it agrees with their other policy�察�so is it 


      very different from ours�察�and will scarce gain belief among us�察�


      who value gold so much and lay it up so carefully。 They eat and 


      drink out of vessels of earth�察�or glass�察�which make an agreeable 


      appearance though formed of brittle materials�此�while they make 


      their chamber´pots and close´stools of gold and silver�察�and that 


      not only in their public halls�察�but in their private houses�此�of 


      the same metals they likewise make chains and fetters for their 


      slaves�察�to some of which�察�as a badge of infamy�察�they hang an ear´


      ring of gold�察�and make others wear a chain or coronet of the same 


      metal�察�and thus they take care�察�by all possible means�察�to render 


      gold and silver of no esteem。 And from hence it is that while 


      other nations part with their gold and silver as unwillingly as if 


      one tore out their bowels�察�those of Utopia would look on their 


      giving in all they possess of those ��metals�察�when there was any 


      use for them�� but as the parting with a trifle�察�or as we would 


      esteem the loss of a penny。 They find pearls on their coast�察�and 


      diamonds and carbuncles on their rocks�察�they do not look after 


      them�察�but�察�if they find them by chance�察�they polish them�察�and with 


      them they adorn their children�察�who are delighted with them�察�and 


      glory in them during their childhood�察�but when they grow to years�察�


      and see that none but children use such baubles�察�they of their own 


      accord�察�without being bid by their parents�察�lay them aside�察�and 


      would be as much ashamed to use them afterward as children among 


      us�察�when they come to years�察�are of their puppets and other toys。





      I never saw a clearer instance of the opposite impressions that 


      different customs make on people�察�than I observed in the 


      ambassadors of the Anemolians�察�who came to Amaurot when I was 


      there。 As they came to treat of affairs of great consequence�察�the 


      deputies from several towns met together to wait for their coming。 


      The ambassadors of

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