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      must then confess that he would be the happiest of all men if he 


      were to lead his life in perpetual hunger�察�thirst�察�and itching�察�


      and by consequence in perpetual eating�察�drinking�察�and scratching 


      himself�察�which anyone may easily see would be not only a base but 


      a miserable state of life。 These are indeed the lowest of 


      pleasures�察�and the least pure�察�for we can never relish them�察�but 


      when they are mixed with the contrary pains。 The pain of hunger 


      must give us the pleasure of eating�察�and here the pain out´


      balances the pleasure�察�and as the pain is more vehement�察�so it 


      lasts much longer�察�for as it begins before the pleasure�察�so it 


      does not cease but with the pleasure that extinguishes it�察�and 


      both expire together。





      They think�察�therefore�察�none of those pleasures is to be valued any 


      further than as it is necessary�察�yet they rejoice in them�察�and 


      with due gratitude acknowledge the tenderness of the great Author 


      of nature�察�who has planted in us appetites�察�by which those things 


      that are necessary for our preservation are likewise made pleasant 


      to us。 For how miserable a thing would life be�察�if those daily 


      diseases of hunger and thirst were to be carried off by such 


      bitter drugs as we must use for those diseases that return 


      seldomer upon us�拭�And thus these pleasant as well as proper gifts 


      of nature maintain the strength and the sprightliness of our 


      bodies。





      They also entertain themselves with the other delights let in at 


      their eyes�察�their ears�察�and their nostrils�察�as the pleasant 


      relishes and seasonings of life�察�which nature seems to have marked 


      out peculiarly for man�察�since no other sort of animals 


      contemplates the figure and beauty of the universe�察�nor is 


      delighted with smells�察�any further than as they distinguish meats 


      by them�察�nor do they apprehend the concords or discords of sound�察�


      yet in all pleasures whatsoever they take care that a lesser joy 


      does not hinder a greater�察�and that pleasure may never breed pain�察�


      which they think always follows dishonest pleasures。 But they 


      think it madness for a man to wear out the beauty of his face�察�or 


      the force of his natural strength�察�to corrupt the sprightliness of 


      his body by sloth and laziness�察�or to waste it by fasting�察�that it 


      is madness to weaken the strength of his constitution�察�and reject 


      the other delights of life�察�unless by renouncing his own 


      satisfaction�察�he can either serve the public or promote the 


      happiness of others�察�for which he expects a greater recompense 


      from God。 So that they look on such a course of life as the mark 


      of a mind that is both cruel to itself�察�and ungrateful to the 


      Author of nature�察�as if we would not be beholden to Him for His 


      favors�察�and therefore reject all His blessings�察�as one who should 


      afflict himself for the empty shadow of virtue�察�or for no better 


      end than to render himself capable of bearing those misfortunes 


      which possibly will never happen。





      This is their notion of virtue and of pleasure�察�they think that no 


      man's reason can carry him to a truer idea of them�察�unless some 


      discovery from heaven should inspire him with sublimer notions。 I 


      have not now the leisure to examine whether they think right or 


      wrong in this matter�此�nor do I judge it necessary�察�for I have only 


      undertaken to give you an account of their constitution�察�but not 


      to defend all their principles。 I am sure�察�that whatsoever may be 


      said of their notions�察�there is not in the whole world either a 


      better people or a happier government�此�their bodies are vigorous 


      and lively�察�and though they are but of a middle stature�察�and have 


      neither the fruitfullest soil nor the purest air in the world�察�yet 


      they fortify themselves so well by their temperate course of life�察�


      against the unhealthiness of their air�察�and by their industry they 


      so cultivate their soil�察�that there is nowhere to be seen a 


      greater increase both of corn and cattle�察�nor are there anywhere 


      healthier men and freer from diseases�此�for one may there see 


      reduced to practice�察�not only all the arts that the husbandman 


      employs in manuring and improving an ill soil�察�but whole woods 


      plucked up by the roots�察�and in other places new ones planted�察�


      where there were none before。





      Their principal motive for this is the convenience of carriage�察�


      that their timber may be either near their towns or growing on the 


      banks of the sea or of some rivers�察�so as to be floated to them�察�


      for it is a harder work to carry wood at any distance over land�察�


      than corn。 The people are industrious�察�apt to learn�察�as well as 


      cheerful and pleasant�察�and none can endure more labor�察�when it is 


      necessary�察�but except in that case they love their ease。 They are 


      unwearied pursuers of knowledge�察�for when we had given them some 


      hints of the learning and discipline of the Greeks�察�concerning 


      whom we only instructed them ��for we know that there was nothing 


      among the Romans�察�except their historians and their poets�察�that 


      they would value much���察�it was strange to see how eagerly they 


      were set on learning that language。 We began to read a little of 


      it to them�察�rather in compliance with their importunity�察�than out 


      of any hopes of their reaping from it any great advantage。 But 


      after a very short trial�察�we found they made such progress�察�that 


      we saw our labor was like to be more successful than we could have 


      expected。 They learned to write their characters and to pronounce 


      their language so exactly�察�had so quick an apprehension�察�they 


      remembered it so faithfully�察�and became so ready and correct in 


      the use of it�察�that it would have looked like a miracle if the 


      greater part of those whom we taught had not been men both of 


      extraordinary capacity and of a fit age for instruction。 They were 


      for the greatest part chosen from among their learned men�察�by 


      their chief Council�察�though some studied it of their own accord。 


      In three years' time they became masters of the whole language�察�so 


      that they read the best of the Greek authors very exactly。 I am 


      indeed apt to think that they learned that language the more 


      easily�察�from its having some relation to their own。 I believe that 


      they were a colony of the Greeks�察�for though their language comes 


      nearer the Persian�察�yet they retain many names�察�both for their 


      towns and magistrates�察�that are of Greek derivation。





      I happened to carry a great many books with me�察�instead of 


      merchandise�察�when I sailed my fourth voyage�察�for I was so far from 


      thinking of soon coming back�察�that I rather thought never to have 


      returned at all�察�and I gave them all my books�察�among which were 


      many of Plato's and some of Aristotle's works。 I had also 


      Theophrastus ;On Plants�察─�which�察�to my great regret�察�was 


      imperfect�察�for having laid it carelessly by�察�while we were at sea�察�


      a monkey had seized upon it�察�and in many places torn out the 


      leaves。 They have no books of grammar but Lascares�察�for I did not 


      carry Theodorus with me�察�nor have they any dictionaries but 


      Hesichius and Dioscorides。 They esteem Plutarch highly�察�and were 


      much taken with Lucian's wit and with his pleasant way of writing。 


      As for the poets�察�they have Aristophanes�察�Homer�察�Euripides�察�and 


      Sophocles of Aldus's edition�察�and for historians Thucydides�察�


      Herodotus�察�and Herodian。 One of my companions�察�Thricius Apinatus�察�


      happened to carry with him some of Hippocrates's works�察�and 


      Galen's ;Microtechne�察─�which they hold in great estimation�察�for 


      though there is no nation in the world that needs physic so little 


      as they do�察�yet there is not any that honors it so much�此�they 


      reckon the knowledge of it one of the pleasantest and most 


      profitable parts of philosophy�察�by which�察�as they search into the 


      secrets of nature�察�so they not only find this study highly 


      agreeable�察�but think that such inquiries are very acceptable to 


      the Author of nature�察�and imagine that as He�察�like the inventors 


      of curious engines among mankind�察�has exposed this great machine 


      of the universe to the view of the only creatures capable of 


      contemplating it�察�so an exact and curious observer�察�who admires 


      His workmanship�察�is much more acceptable to Him than one of the 


      herd�察�who�察�like a beast incapable of reason�察�looks on this 


      glorious scene with the eyes of a dull and unconcerned spectator。





      The minds of the Utopians�察�when fenced with a love for learning�察�


      are very ingenious in discovering all such arts as are necessary 


      to carry it to perfection。 Two things they owe to us�察�the 


      manufacture of paper and the art of printing�此�yet they are not so 


      entirely indebted to us for these discoveries but that a great 


      part of the invention was their own。 We showed them some books 


      printed by Aldus�察�we explained to them the way of making paper�察�


      and the mystery of printing�察�but as we had never practised these 


      arts�察�we described them in a crude and superficial manner。 They 


      s

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