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      happiness�察�next to a divine one�察�if they can purchase one that is 


      very extraordinary�察�especially if it be of that sort of stones 


      that is then in greatest request�察�for the same sort is not at all 


      times universally of the same value�察�nor will men buy it unless it 


      be dismounted and taken out of the gold�察�the jeweller is then made 


      to give good security�察�and required solemnly to swear that the 


      stone is true�察�that by such an exact caution a false one might not 


      be bought instead of a true�此�though if you were to examine it�察�


      your eye could find no difference between the counterfeit and that 


      which is true�察�so that they are all one to you as much as if you 


      were blind。 Or can it be thought that they who heap up a useless 


      mass of wealth�察�not for any use that it is to bring them�察�but 


      merely to please themselves with the contemplation of it�察�enjoy 


      any true pleasure in it�拭�The delight they find is only a false 


      shadow of joy。 Those are no better whose error is somewhat 


      different from the former�察�and who hide it�察�out of their fear of 


      losing it�察�for what other name can fit the hiding it in the earth�察�


      or rather the restoring it to it again�察�it being thus cut off from 


      being useful�察�either to its owner or to the rest of mankind�拭�And 


      yet the owner having hid it carefully�察�is glad�察�because he thinks 


      he is now sure of it。 If it should be stolen�察�the owner�察�though he 


      might live perhaps ten years after the theft�察�of which he knew 


      nothing�察�would find no difference between his having or losing it�察�


      for both ways it was equally useless to him。





      Among those foolish pursuers of pleasure they reckon all that 


      delight in hunting�察�in fowling�察�or gaming�此�of whose madness they 


      have only heard�察�for they have no such things among them。 But they 


      have asked us�察�what sort of pleasure is it that men can find in 


      throwing the dice�拭�For if there were any pleasure in it�察�they 


      think the doing of it so often should give one a surfeit of it�此�


      and what pleasure can one find in hearing the barking and howling 


      of dogs�察�which seem rather odious than pleasant sounds�拭�Nor can 


      they comprehend the pleasure of seeing dogs run after a hare�察�more 


      than of seeing one dog run after another�察�for if the seeing them 


      run is that which gives the pleasure�察�you have the same 


      entertainment to the eye on both these occasions�察�since that is 


      the same in both cases�此�but if the pleasure lies in seeing the 


      hare killed and torn by the dogs�察�this ought rather to stir pity�察�


      that a weak�察�harmless and fearful hare should be devoured by 


      strong�察�fierce�察�and cruel dogs。 Therefore all this business of 


      hunting is�察�among the Utopians�察�turned over to their butchers�察�and 


      those�察�as has been already said�察�are all slaves�察�and they look on 


      hunting as one of the basest parts of a butcher's work�此�for they 


      account it both more profitable and more decent to kill those 


      beasts that are more necessary and useful to mankind�察�whereas the 


      killing and tearing of so small and miserable an animal can only 


      attract the huntsman with a false show of pleasure�察�from which he 


      can reap but small advantage。 They look on the desire of the 


      bloodshed�察�even of beasts�察�as a mark of a mind that is already 


      corrupted with cruelty�察�or that at least by the frequent returns 


      of so brutal a pleasure must degenerate into it。





      Thus�察�though the rabble of mankind look upon these�察�and on 


      innumerable other things of the same nature�察�as pleasures�察�the 


      Utopians�察�on the contrary�察�observing that there is nothing in them 


      truly pleasant�察�conclude that they are not to be reckoned among 


      pleasures�此�for though these things may create some tickling in the 


      senses ��which seems to be a true notion of pleasure���察�yet they 


      imagine that this does not arise from the thing itself�察�but from a 


      depraved custom�察�which may so vitiate a man's taste�察�that bitter 


      things may pass for sweet�察�as women with child think pitch or 


      tallow tastes sweeter than honey�察�but as a man's sense when 


      corrupted�察�either by a disease or some ill habit�察�does not change 


      the nature of other things�察�so neither can it change the nature of 


      pleasure。





      They reckon up several sorts of pleasures�察�which they call true 


      ones�此�some belong to the body and others to the mind。 The 


      pleasures of the mind lie in knowledge�察�and in that delight which 


      the contemplation of truth carries with it�察�to which they add the 


      joyful reflections on a well´spent life�察�and the assured hopes of 


      a future happiness。 They divide the pleasures of the body into two 


      sorts�察�the one is that which gives our senses some real delight�察�


      and is performed�察�either by recruiting nature�察�and supplying those 


      parts which feed the internal heat of life by eating and drinking�察�


      or when nature is eased of any surcharge that oppresses it�察�when 


      we are relieved from sudden pain�察�or that which arises from 


      satisfying the appetite which nature has wisely given to lead us 


      to the propagation of the species。 There is another kind of 


      pleasure that arises neither from our receiving what the body 


      requires nor its being relieved when overcharged�察�and yet by a 


      secret�察�unseen virtue affects the senses�察�raises the passions�察�and 


      strikes the mind with generous impressions�察�this is the pleasure 


      that arises from music。 Another kind of bodily pleasure is that 


      which results from an undisturbed and vigorous constitution of 


      body�察�when life and active spirits seem to actuate every part。 


      This lively health�察�when entirely free from all mixture of pain�察�


      of itself gives an inward pleasure�察�independent of all external 


      objects of delight�察�and though this pleasure does not so 


      powerfully affect us�察�nor act so strongly on the senses as some of 


      the others�察�yet it may be esteemed as the greatest of all 


      pleasures�察�and almost all the Utopians reckon it the foundation 


      and basis of all the other joys of life�察�since this alone makes 


      the state of life easy and desirable�察�and when this is wanting�察�a 


      man is really capable of no other pleasure。 They look upon freedom 


      from pain�察�if it does not rise from perfect health�察�to be a state 


      of stupidity rather than of pleasure。





      This subject has been very narrowly canvassed among them�察�and it 


      has been debated whether a firm and entire health could be called 


      a pleasure or not�拭�Some have thought that there was no pleasure 


      but what was excited by some sensible motion in the body。 But this 


      opinion has been long ago excluded from among them�察�so that now 


      they almost universally agree that health is the greatest of all 


      bodily pleasures�察�and that as there is a pain in sickness�察�which 


      is as opposite in its nature to pleasure as sickness itself is to 


      health�察�so they hold that health is accompanied with pleasure�此�and 


      if any should say that sickness is not really pain�察�but that it 


      only carries pain along with it�察�they look upon that as a fetch of 


      subtilty�察�that does not much alter the matter。 It is all one�察�in 


      their opinion�察�whether it be said that health is in itself a 


      pleasure�察�or that it begets a pleasure�察�as fire gives heat�察�so it 


      be granted�察�that all those whose health is entire have a true 


      pleasure in the enjoyment of it�此�and they reason thuswhat is the 


      pleasure of eating�察�but that a man's health which had been 


      weakened�察�does�察�with the assistance of food�察�drive away hunger�察�


      and so recruiting itself recovers its former vigor�拭�And being thus 


      refreshed�察�it finds a pleasure in that conflict�察�and if the 


      conflict is pleasure�察�the victory must yet breed a greater 


      pleasure�察�except we fancy that it becomes stupid as soon as it has 


      obtained that which it pursued�察�and so neither knows nor rejoices 


      in its own welfare。 If it is said that health cannot be felt�察�they 


      absolutely deny it�察�for what man is in health that does not 


      perceive it when he is awake�拭�Is there any man that is so dull and 


      stupid as not to acknowledge that he feels a delight in health�拭�


      And what is delight but another name for pleasure��





      But of all pleasures�察�they esteem those to be most valuable that 


      lie in the mind�察�the chief of which arises out of true virtue�察�and 


      the witnesses of a good conscience。 They account health the chief 


      pleasure that belongs to the body�察�for they think that the 


      pleasure of eating and drinking�察�and all the other delights of 


      sense�察�are only so far desirable as they give or maintain health。 


      But they are not pleasant in themselves�察�otherwise than as they 


      resist those impressions that our natural infirmities are still 


      making upon us�此�for as a wise man desires rather to avoid diseases 


      than to take physic�察�and to be freed from pain�察�rather than to 


      find ease by remedies�察�so it is more desirable not to need this 


      sort of pleasure�察�than to be obliged to indulge it。 If any man 


      imagines that there is a real happiness in these enjoyments�察�he 


      must then confess that he would be the happiest of all m

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