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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
happiness�察�next to a divine one�察�if they can purchase one that is
very extraordinary�察�especially if it be of that sort of stones
that is then in greatest request�察�for the same sort is not at all
times universally of the same value�察�nor will men buy it unless it
be dismounted and taken out of the gold�察�the jeweller is then made
to give good security�察�and required solemnly to swear that the
stone is true�察�that by such an exact caution a false one might not
be bought instead of a true�此�though if you were to examine it�察�
your eye could find no difference between the counterfeit and that
which is true�察�so that they are all one to you as much as if you
were blind。 Or can it be thought that they who heap up a useless
mass of wealth�察�not for any use that it is to bring them�察�but
merely to please themselves with the contemplation of it�察�enjoy
any true pleasure in it�拭�The delight they find is only a false
shadow of joy。 Those are no better whose error is somewhat
different from the former�察�and who hide it�察�out of their fear of
losing it�察�for what other name can fit the hiding it in the earth�察�
or rather the restoring it to it again�察�it being thus cut off from
being useful�察�either to its owner or to the rest of mankind�拭�And
yet the owner having hid it carefully�察�is glad�察�because he thinks
he is now sure of it。 If it should be stolen�察�the owner�察�though he
might live perhaps ten years after the theft�察�of which he knew
nothing�察�would find no difference between his having or losing it�察�
for both ways it was equally useless to him。
Among those foolish pursuers of pleasure they reckon all that
delight in hunting�察�in fowling�察�or gaming�此�of whose madness they
have only heard�察�for they have no such things among them。 But they
have asked us�察�what sort of pleasure is it that men can find in
throwing the dice�拭�For if there were any pleasure in it�察�they
think the doing of it so often should give one a surfeit of it�此�
and what pleasure can one find in hearing the barking and howling
of dogs�察�which seem rather odious than pleasant sounds�拭�Nor can
they comprehend the pleasure of seeing dogs run after a hare�察�more
than of seeing one dog run after another�察�for if the seeing them
run is that which gives the pleasure�察�you have the same
entertainment to the eye on both these occasions�察�since that is
the same in both cases�此�but if the pleasure lies in seeing the
hare killed and torn by the dogs�察�this ought rather to stir pity�察�
that a weak�察�harmless and fearful hare should be devoured by
strong�察�fierce�察�and cruel dogs。 Therefore all this business of
hunting is�察�among the Utopians�察�turned over to their butchers�察�and
those�察�as has been already said�察�are all slaves�察�and they look on
hunting as one of the basest parts of a butcher's work�此�for they
account it both more profitable and more decent to kill those
beasts that are more necessary and useful to mankind�察�whereas the
killing and tearing of so small and miserable an animal can only
attract the huntsman with a false show of pleasure�察�from which he
can reap but small advantage。 They look on the desire of the
bloodshed�察�even of beasts�察�as a mark of a mind that is already
corrupted with cruelty�察�or that at least by the frequent returns
of so brutal a pleasure must degenerate into it。
Thus�察�though the rabble of mankind look upon these�察�and on
innumerable other things of the same nature�察�as pleasures�察�the
Utopians�察�on the contrary�察�observing that there is nothing in them
truly pleasant�察�conclude that they are not to be reckoned among
pleasures�此�for though these things may create some tickling in the
senses ��which seems to be a true notion of pleasure���察�yet they
imagine that this does not arise from the thing itself�察�but from a
depraved custom�察�which may so vitiate a man's taste�察�that bitter
things may pass for sweet�察�as women with child think pitch or
tallow tastes sweeter than honey�察�but as a man's sense when
corrupted�察�either by a disease or some ill habit�察�does not change
the nature of other things�察�so neither can it change the nature of
pleasure。
They reckon up several sorts of pleasures�察�which they call true
ones�此�some belong to the body and others to the mind。 The
pleasures of the mind lie in knowledge�察�and in that delight which
the contemplation of truth carries with it�察�to which they add the
joyful reflections on a well´spent life�察�and the assured hopes of
a future happiness。 They divide the pleasures of the body into two
sorts�察�the one is that which gives our senses some real delight�察�
and is performed�察�either by recruiting nature�察�and supplying those
parts which feed the internal heat of life by eating and drinking�察�
or when nature is eased of any surcharge that oppresses it�察�when
we are relieved from sudden pain�察�or that which arises from
satisfying the appetite which nature has wisely given to lead us
to the propagation of the species。 There is another kind of
pleasure that arises neither from our receiving what the body
requires nor its being relieved when overcharged�察�and yet by a
secret�察�unseen virtue affects the senses�察�raises the passions�察�and
strikes the mind with generous impressions�察�this is the pleasure
that arises from music。 Another kind of bodily pleasure is that
which results from an undisturbed and vigorous constitution of
body�察�when life and active spirits seem to actuate every part。
This lively health�察�when entirely free from all mixture of pain�察�
of itself gives an inward pleasure�察�independent of all external
objects of delight�察�and though this pleasure does not so
powerfully affect us�察�nor act so strongly on the senses as some of
the others�察�yet it may be esteemed as the greatest of all
pleasures�察�and almost all the Utopians reckon it the foundation
and basis of all the other joys of life�察�since this alone makes
the state of life easy and desirable�察�and when this is wanting�察�a
man is really capable of no other pleasure。 They look upon freedom
from pain�察�if it does not rise from perfect health�察�to be a state
of stupidity rather than of pleasure。
This subject has been very narrowly canvassed among them�察�and it
has been debated whether a firm and entire health could be called
a pleasure or not�拭�Some have thought that there was no pleasure
but what was excited by some sensible motion in the body。 But this
opinion has been long ago excluded from among them�察�so that now
they almost universally agree that health is the greatest of all
bodily pleasures�察�and that as there is a pain in sickness�察�which
is as opposite in its nature to pleasure as sickness itself is to
health�察�so they hold that health is accompanied with pleasure�此�and
if any should say that sickness is not really pain�察�but that it
only carries pain along with it�察�they look upon that as a fetch of
subtilty�察�that does not much alter the matter。 It is all one�察�in
their opinion�察�whether it be said that health is in itself a
pleasure�察�or that it begets a pleasure�察�as fire gives heat�察�so it
be granted�察�that all those whose health is entire have a true
pleasure in the enjoyment of it�此�and they reason thuswhat is the
pleasure of eating�察�but that a man's health which had been
weakened�察�does�察�with the assistance of food�察�drive away hunger�察�
and so recruiting itself recovers its former vigor�拭�And being thus
refreshed�察�it finds a pleasure in that conflict�察�and if the
conflict is pleasure�察�the victory must yet breed a greater
pleasure�察�except we fancy that it becomes stupid as soon as it has
obtained that which it pursued�察�and so neither knows nor rejoices
in its own welfare。 If it is said that health cannot be felt�察�they
absolutely deny it�察�for what man is in health that does not
perceive it when he is awake�拭�Is there any man that is so dull and
stupid as not to acknowledge that he feels a delight in health�拭�
And what is delight but another name for pleasure��
But of all pleasures�察�they esteem those to be most valuable that
lie in the mind�察�the chief of which arises out of true virtue�察�and
the witnesses of a good conscience。 They account health the chief
pleasure that belongs to the body�察�for they think that the
pleasure of eating and drinking�察�and all the other delights of
sense�察�are only so far desirable as they give or maintain health。
But they are not pleasant in themselves�察�otherwise than as they
resist those impressions that our natural infirmities are still
making upon us�此�for as a wise man desires rather to avoid diseases
than to take physic�察�and to be freed from pain�察�rather than to
find ease by remedies�察�so it is more desirable not to need this
sort of pleasure�察�than to be obliged to indulge it。 If any man
imagines that there is a real happiness in these enjoyments�察�he
must then confess that he would be the happiest of all m