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relations   in   a   succession   of   lively   pasquinades。   The   minister's   partisans 

retorted   with   equal   acrimony�察  �if   not   with   equal   vivacity。   Pitt   could   keep 

out of the affray only by keeping out of politics altogether�察�and this it soon 

became   impossible   for   him   to   do。   Had   Napoleon�察  �content   with   the   first 

place     among      the  Sovereigns       of  the   Continent�察     �and   with    a   military 

reputation surpassing that of Marlborough or of Turenne�察�devoted himself 

to the noble task of making France happy by mild administration and wise 

legislation�察     �our   country      might     have    long    continued      to   tolerate    a 

government of fair intentions and feeble abilities。 Unhappily�察�the treaty of 

Amiens   had   scarcely   been   signed�察  �when   the   restless   ambition   and   the 

insupportable   insolence  of   the   First   Consul   convinced   the   great   body   of 

the    English    people    that   the  peace�察   �so   eagerly    welcomed�察     �was    only   a 

precarious armistice。 As   it   became   clearer   and   clearer   that   a   war   for the 

dignity�察  �the   independence�察  �the   very  existence   of   the   nation   was   at   hand�察�



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men looked with increasing uneasiness   on the weak and languid   cabinet 

which would have to contend against an enemy who united more than the 

power of Louis the Great to more than the genius of Frederick the Great。 It 

is true that Addington might easily have been a better war minister than 

Pitt�察�and could not possibly have been a worse。 But Pitt had cast a spell on 

the   public   mind。   The   eloquence�察  �the   judgment�察  �the   calm   and   disdainful 

firmness�察    �which    he   had�察  �during    many    years�察  �displayed     in  Parliament�察�

deluded   the  world   into  the belief that he   must   be  eminently  qualified   to 

superintend every department of politics�察�and they imagined�察�even after the 

miserable failures of Dunkirk�察�of Quiberon�察�and of the Helder�察�that he was 

the   only   statesman     who   could   cope   with     Bonaparte。   This   feeling     was 

nowhere stronger than among Addington's own colleagues。 The pressure 

put on him was so strong that he could not help yielding to it�察�yet�察�even in 

yielding�察�he showed how far he was from knowing his own place。 His first 

proposition was�察�that some insignificant nobleman should be First Lord of 

the   Treasury   and   nominal   head   of   the   administration�察  �and   that   the   real 

power     should    be   divided    between     Pitt  and   himself�察   �who    were    to  be 

secretaries   of   state。   Pitt�察  �as   might   have   been   expected�察  �refused   even   to 

discuss     such    a  scheme�察    �and   talked    of  it  with   bitter   mirth。   ;Which 

secretaryship was offered to you�拭─�his friend Wilberforce asked。 ;Really�察─�

said   Pitt�察   �I   had   not   the   curiosity   to   inquire。; Addington   was   frightened 

into bidding higher。 He offered to resign the Treasury to Pitt�察�on condition 

that   there   should   be   no   extensive   change   in   the   government。   But   Pitt 

would listen to no such terms。 Then came a dispute such as often arises 

after negotiations orally conducted�察�even when the negotiators are men of 

strict honour。 Pitt gave one account of what had passed�察�Addington gave 

another�此�and though the discrepancies were not such as necessarily implied 

any    intentional     violation    of  truth   on   either   side�察  �both   were    greatly 

exasperated。 

     Meanwhile the quarrel with the First Consul had come to a crisis。 On 

the 16th of May�察�1803�察�the King sent a message calling on the House of 

Commons to support him in withstanding the ambitious and encroaching 

policy    of   France�察  �and�察  �on   the  22d�察  �the   House    took    the  message     into 

consideration。 



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     Pitt had now been living many months in retirement。 There had been a 

general   election   since   he   had   spoken   in   Parliament�察  �and   there   were   two 

hundred   members   who   had   never   heard   him。   It   was   known   that   on   this 

occasion   he   would   be   in   his   place�察  �and   curiosity   was   wound   up   to   the 

highest point。 Unfortunately the short´hand writers were�察�in consequence 

of    some    mistake�察    �shut   out   on   that  day    from   the   gallery�察  �so   that   the 

newspapers contained only a very meagre report of the proceedings。 But 

several accounts of what passed are extant�察�and of those accounts the most 

interesting is contained in an unpublished letter�察�written by a very young 

member�察�John William Ward�察�afterwards Earl of Dudley。 When Pitt rose�察�

he   was   received   with   loud   cheering。 At   every   pause   in   his   speech   there 

was   a   burst   of   applause。 The   peroration   is   said   to   have   been   one   of   the 

most animated and magnificent ever heard in Parliament。 ;Pitt's speech�察─�

Fox   wrote   a   few   days   later�察  �was   admired   very  much�察  �and very  justly。   I 

think it was the best he ever made in that style。; The debate was adjourned�察�

and   on   the   second   night   Fox   replied   in   an   oration   which�察  �as   the   most 

zealous   Pittites   were   forced   to   acknowledge�察  �left   the   palm   of   eloquence 

doubtful。   Addington   made   a   pitiable   appearance   between   the   two   great 

rivals�察  �and   it   was   observed   that   Pitt�察  �while   exhorting   the   Commons   to 

stand   resolutely   by   the   executive   government   against   France�察  �said   not   a 

word indicating esteem or friendship for the Prime Minister。 

     War     was    speedily    declared。     The   first  consul     threatened     to  invade 

England at the head of the conquerors of Belgium and Italy�察�and formed a 

great camp near the Straits of Dover。 On the other side of those Straits the 

whole population of our island was ready to rise up as one man in defence 

of the soil。 At this conjuncture�察�as at some other great conjunctures in our 

history�察�the conjuncture of 1660�察�for example�察�and the conjuncture of 1688�察�

there was a general disposition among honest and patriotic men to forget 

old quarrels�察�and to regard as a friend every person who was ready�察�in the 

existing   emergency�察  �to       do   his   part   towards   the   saving   of   the   state。   A 

coalition of all the first men in the country would�察�at that moment�察�have 

been as popular as the coalition of 1783 had been unpopular。 Alone in the 

kingdom the King looked with perfect complacency on a cabinet in which 

no man superior to himself in genius was to be found�察�and was so far from 



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being willing to admit all his ablest subjects to office that he was bent on 

excluding them all。 

     A   few    months   passed   before   the   different   parties   which   agreed   in 

regarding       the   government        with    dislike    and    contempt      came     to   an 

understanding with each other。 But in the spring of 1804 it became evident 

that   the   weakest   of   ministries   would   have   to   defend   itself   against   the 

strongest of oppositions�察�an opposition made up of three oppositions�察�each 

of which would�察�separately�察�have been formidable from ability�察�and which�察�

when   united�察  �were   also   formidable   from   number。   The   party   which   had 

opposed   the   peace�察  �headed        by   Grenville   and   Windham�察  �and   the        party 

which had opposed the renewal of the war�察�headed by Fox�察�concurred in 

thinking   that   the   men   now   in   power   were   incapable   of   either   making   a 

good peace or waging a vigorous war。 Pitt had�察�in 1802�察�spoken for peace 

against the party of Grenville�察�and had�察�in 1803�察�spoken for war against the 

party of Fox。 But of the capacity of the cabinet�察�and especially of its chief�察�

for   the   conduct   of   great   affairs�察  �he   thought   as   meanly   as   either   Fox   or 

Grenville。   Questions   were   easily   found   on   which   all   the   enemies   of   the 

government could act cordially together。 The unfortunate First Lord of the 

Treasury�察�who had�察�during the earlier months of his administration�察�been 

supported by Pitt on one side�察�and by Fox on the other�察�now had to answer 

Pitt�察  �and   to   be   answered   by   Fox。  Two   sharp   debates�察  �followed   by   close 

divisions�察�made him weary of his post。 It was known�察�too�察�that the Upper 

House   was   even   more   hostile   to   him   than   the   Lower�察  �that   the   Scotch 

representative peers wavered�察�that there were signs of mutiny among the 

bishops。 In the cabinet itself there was discord�察�and�察�worse than discord�察�

treachery。 It was necessary to give way�此�the ministry was dissolved�察�and 

the task of forming a government was entrusted to Pitt。 

     Pitt   was   of   opinion   that   there   was   now   an   opportunity�察  �such   as   had 

never before offered itself�察�and such as might never offer itself again�察�of 

uniting in the public service�察�on honourable terms�察�all the eminent talents 

of   the kingdom。 The  passions   to   which   the  French   revolution   had   given 

birth were extinct。 The madness of the innovator and the madness of the 

alarmist had alike had their day。 Jacobinism and anti´Jacobinism had gone 

out   of   fashion   together。   The   most   liberal   statesman   did   not   think   that 



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       THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS

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