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       THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS AND SPEECHES OF LORD MACAULAY。 



season     propitious    for   schemes     of  parliamentary      reform�察   �and   the   most 

conservative statesman could not pretend that there was any occasion for 

gagging      bills  and   suspensions      of   the  Habeas     Corpus     Act。   The    great 

struggle   for   independence   and   national   honour   occupied   all   minds�察  �and 

those   who   were   agreed   as   to   the   duty   of   maintaining   that   struggle   with 

vigour might well postpone to a more convenient time all disputes about 

matters      comparatively        unimportant。       Strongly      impressed      by    these 

considerations�察�Pitt wished to form a ministry including all the first men in 

the country。 The Treasury he reserved for himself�察�and to Fox he proposed 

to assign a share of power little inferior to his own。 

     The   plan    was    excellent�察  �but   the  King    would     not  hear   of  it。  Dull�察�

obstinate�察�unforgiving�察�and�察�at that time half mad�察�he positively refused to 

admit Fox into his service。 Anybody else�察�even men who had gone as far 

as Fox�察�or further than Fox�察�in what his Majesty considered as Jacobinism�察�

Sheridan�察  �Grey�察  �Erskine�察  �should   be   graciously   received�察  �but   Fox   never。 

During several hours Pitt laboured in vain to reason down this senseless 

antipathy。 That he was perfectly sincere there can be no doubt�此�but it was 

not enough to be sincere�察�he should have been resolute。 Had he declared 

himself   determined   not   to   take   office   without   Fox�察  �the   royal   obstinacy 

would have given way�察�as it gave way�察�a few months later�察�when opposed 

to the immutable resolution of Lord Grenville。 In an evil hour Pitt yielded。 

He flattered himself with the hope that�察�though he consented to forego the 

aid of his illustrious rival�察�there would still remain ample materials for the 

formation   of   an   efficient   ministry。   That   hope   was   cruelly   disappointed。 

Fox     entreated    his  friends   to   leave   personal    considerations      out   of  the 

question�察�and declared that he would support�察�with the utmost cordiality�察�

an    efficient   and   patriotic   ministry     from   which     he   should    be  himself 

excluded。   Not   only   his   friends�察  �however�察  �but   Grenville�察  �and   Grenville's 

adherents�察�answered�察�with one voice�察�that the question was not personal�察�

that a great constitutional principle was at stake�察�and that they would not 

take    office   while   a  man     eminently     qualified    to  render   service    to  the 

commonwealth was placed under a ban merely because he was disliked at 

Court。 All that was left to Pitt was to construct a government out of the 

wreck      of  Addington's      feeble    administration。     The    small    circle   of  his 



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personal      retainers    furnished     him    with    a  very    few    useful    assistants�察�

particularly      Dundas�察    �who     had   been    created     Viscount     Melville�察    �Lord 

Harrowby�察�and Canning。 

     Such was the inauspicious manner in which Pitt entered on his second 

administration。   The   whole   history   of   that   administration   was   of   a   piece 

with the commencement。 Almost every month brought some new disaster 

or disgrace。 To the war with France was soon added a war with Spain。 The 

opponents       of  the   minister    were    numerous�察     �able�察 �and    active。   His   most 

useful coadjutors he soon lost。 Sickness deprived him of the help of Lord 

Harrowby。 It was discovered that Lord Melville had been guilty of highly 

culpable laxity in transactions relating to public money。 He was censured 

by   the   House   of   Commons�察  �driven   from   office�察  �ejected   from   the   Privy 

Council�察�and impeached of high crimes and misdemeanours。 The blow fell 

heavy on Pitt。 It gave him�察�he said in Parliament�察�a deep pang�察�and�察�as he 

uttered the word pang�察�his lip quivered�察�his voice shook�察�he paused�察�and 

his hearers thought that he was about to burst into tears。 Such tears shed 

by   Eldon   would   have   moved   nothing   but   laughter。   Shed   by   the   warm´ 

hearted   and   open´hearted   Fox�察  �they   would   have   moved   sympathy�察  �but 

would   have   caused   no   surprise。   But   a   tear   from   Pitt   would   have   been 

something        portentous。      He     suppressed      his    emotion�察     �however�察     �and 

proceeded with his usual majestic self´ possession。 

     His difficulties compelled him to resort to various expedients。 At one 

time   Addington   was   persuaded   to   accept   office   with   a   peerage�察  �but   he 

brought no additional strength to the government。 Though he went through 

the   form   of   reconciliation�察  �it   was   impossible   for   him   to   forget   the   past。 

While he remained in place he was jealous and punctilious�察�and he soon 

retired   again。   At   another   time   Pitt   renewed   his   efforts   to   overcome   his 

master's   aversion to   Fox�察  �and it   was   rumoured   that   the  King's   obstinacy 

was     gradually   giving     way。    But�察  �meanwhile�察     �it  was   impossible      for  the 

minister to   conceal   from  the   public   eye   the   decay  of   his health�察  �and   the 

constant   anxiety   which   gnawed   at   his   heart。   His   sleep   was   broken。   His 

food ceased to nourish him。 All who passed him in the Park�察�all who had 

interviews   with   him   in   Downing   Street�察  �saw   misery   written   in   his   face。 

The   peculiar   look   which   he   wore   during the   last   months   of   his   life   was 



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often    pathetically    described     by   Wilberforce�察    �who    used   to   call  it  the 

Austerlitz look。 

     Still   the   vigour    of   Pitt's  intellectual    faculties�察  �and    the   intrepid 

haughtiness of his spirit�察�remained unaltered。 He had staked everything on 

a   great   venture。   He   had   succeeded   in   forming   another   mighty   coalition 

against the French ascendency。 The united forces of Austria�察�Russia�察�and 

England      might�察   �he   hoped�察   �oppose     an   insurmountable       barrier   to  the 

ambition of the common enemy。 But the genius and energy of Napoleon 

prevailed。     While     the   English    troops    were    preparing     to  embark     for 

Germany�察�while the Russian troops were slowly coming up from Poland�察�

he�察   �with   rapidity    unprecedented       in  modern      war�察  �moved      a  hundred 

thousand   men   from   the   shores   of   the   Ocean   to   the   Black   Forest�察  �and 

compelled   a   great Austrian   army   to   surrender   at   Ulm。   To   the   first   faint 

rumours of this calamity Pitt would give no credit。 He was irritated by the 

alarms of those around him。 ;Do not believe a word of it�察─�he said�此 �It is 

all a fiction。; The next day he received a Dutch newspaper containing the 

capitulation。   He   knew   no   Dutch。   It   was   Sunday�察  �and   the   public   offices 

were     shut。  He   carried   the   paper   to  Lord    Malmesbury�察     �who    had   been 

minister in Holland�察�and Lord Malmesbury translated it。 Pitt tried to bear 

up�察�but the shock was too great�察�and he went away with death in his face。 

     The news of the battle of Trafalgar arrived four days later�察�and seemed 

for a moment to revive him。 Forty´eight hours after that most glorious and 

most mournful of victories had been announced to the country came the 

Lord Mayor's day�察�and Pitt dined at Guildhall。 His popularity had declined。 

But on this occasion the multitude�察�greatly excited by the recent tidings�察�

welcomed him enthusiastically�察�took off his horses in Cheapside�察�and drew 

his carriage up King Street。 When his health was drunk�察�he returned thanks 

in   two   or   three   of   those   stately   sentences   of   which   he   had   a   boundless 

command。 Several of those who heard him laid up his words in their hearts�察�

for they were the last words that he ever uttered in public�此 �Let us hope 

that England�察�having saved herself by her energy�察�may save Europe by her 

example。; 

     This was but a momentary rally。 Austerlitz soon completed what Ulm 

had begun。 Early in December Pitt had retired to Bath�察�in the hope that he 



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       THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS AND SPEECHES OF LORD MACAULAY。 



might   there   gather   strength   for   the   approaching   session。   While   he   was 

languishing there on his   sofa arrived   the news that   a decisive   battle had 

been fought and lost in Moravia�察�that the coalition was dissolved�察�that the 

Continent was   at the   feet of   France。 He   sank down under the   blow。 Ten 

days later he was so emaciated that his most intimate friends hardly knew 

him。 He came up from Bath by slow journeys�察�and�察�on the 11th of January 

1806�察�reached his villa at Putney。 Parliament was to meet on the 21st。 On 

the 20th was to be the parliamentary dinner at the house of the First Lord 

of the Treasury in Downing Street�察�and the cards were already issued。 But 

the days of the great minister were numbered。 The only chance for his life�察�

and that a very slight chance�察�was that he should resign his office�察�and pass 

some months in profound repose。 His colleagues paid him very short visits�察�

and     carefully    avoided     political    conversation。      But    his   spirit�察 �long 

accustomed   to   dominion�察  �could   not�察  �even   in   that   extremity�察     �relinquish 

hopes which everybody but himself perceived to be vain。 On the day on 

which he was carried into his

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