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  whips of ridicule。 Nations are but individuals�察�neither wiser nor
  stronger than man�察�and their destinies are identical。 If we
  reflect on man�察�is not that to consider mankind��

  ;By studying the spectacle of society perpetually storm´tossed in
  its foundations as well as in its results�察�in its causes as well
  as in its actions�察�while philanthropy is but a splendid mistake��
  and progress is vanity�察�I have been confirmed in this truth�此�Life
  is within and not without us�察�to rise above men�察�to govern them��
  is only the part of an aggrandized school´master�察�and those men
  who are capable of rising to the level whence they can enjoy a
  view of the world should not look at their own feet。

;November 4th。

  ;I am no doubt occupied with weighty thoughts�察�I am on the way to
  certain discoveries�察�an invincible power bears me toward a
  luminary which shone at an early age on the darkness of my moral
  life�察�but what name can I give to the power that ties my hands and
  shuts my mouth�察�and drags me in a direction opposite to my
  vocation�拭�I must leave Paris�察�bid farewell to the books in the
  libraries�察�those noble centres of illumination�察�those kindly and
  always accessible sages�察�and the younger geniuses with whom I
  sympathize。 Who is it that drives me away�拭�Chance or Providence��

  ;The two ideas represented by those words are irreconcilable。 If
  Chance does not exist�察�we must admit fatalism�察�that is to say�察�the
  compulsory co´ordination of things under the rule of a general
  plan。 Why then do we rebel�拭�If man is not free�察�what becomes of
  the scaffolding of his moral sense�拭�Or�察�if he can control his
  destiny�察�if by his own freewill he can interfere with the
  execution of the general plan�察�what becomes of God��

  ;Why did I come here�拭�If I examine myself�察�I find the answer�此�I
  find in myself axioms that need developing。 But why then have I
  such vast faculties without being suffered to use them�拭�If my
  suffering could serve as an example�察�I could understand it�察�but
  no�察�I suffer unknown。

  ;This is perhaps as much the act of Providence as the fate of the
  flower that dies unseen in the heart of the virgin forest�察�where
  no one can enjoy its perfume or admire its splendor。 Just as that
  blossom vainly sheds its fragrance to the solitude�察�so do I�察�here
  in the garret�察�give birth to ideas that no one can grasp。

  ;Yesterday evening I sat eating bread and grapes in front of my
  window with a young doctor named Meyraux。 We talked as men do whom
  misfortune has joined in brotherhood�察�and I said to him��

  ; 'I am going away�察�you are staying。 Take up my ideas and develop
  them。'

  ; 'I cannot��' said he�察�with bitter regret�此�'my feeble health
  cannot stand so much work�察�and I shall die young of my struggle
  with penury。'

  ;We looked up at the sky and grasped hands。 We first met at the
  Comparative Anatomy course�察�and in the galleries of the Museum��
  attracted thither by the same studythe unity of geological
  structure。 In him this was the presentiment of genius sent to open
  a new path in the fallows of intellect�察�in me it was a deduction
  from a general system。

  ;My point is to ascertain the real relation that may exist between
  God and man。 Is not this a need of the age�拭�Without the highest
  assurance�察�it is impossible to put bit and bridle on the social
  factions that have been let loose by the spirit of scepticism and
  discussion�察�and which are now crying aloud�此�'Show us a way in
  which we may walk and find no pitfalls in our way��'

  ;You will wonder what comparative anatomy has to do with a
  question of such importance to the future of society。 Must we not
  attain to the conviction that man is the end of all earthly means
  before we ask whether he too is not the means to some end�拭�If man
  is bound up with everything�察�is there not something above him with
  which he again is bound up�拭�If he is the end´all of the explained
  transmutations that lead up to him�察�must he not be also the link
  between the visible and invisible creations��

  ;The activity of the universe is not absurd�察�it must tend to an
  end�察�and that end is surely not a social body constituted as ours
  is� �There is a fearful gulf between us and heaven。 In our present
  existence we can neither be always happy nor always in torment��
  must there not be some tremendous change to bring about Paradise
  and Hell�察�two images without which God cannot exist to the mind of
  the vulgar�拭�I know that a compromise was made by the invention of
  the Soul�察�but it is repugnant to me to make God answerable for
  human baseness�察�for our disenchantments�察�our aversions�察�our
  degeneracy。

  ;Again�察�how can we recognize as divine the principle within us
  which can be overthrown by a few glasses of rum�拭�How conceive of
  immaterial faculties which matter can conquer�察�and whose exercise
  is suspended by a grain of opium�拭�How imagine that we shall be
  able to feel when we are bereft of the vehicles of sensation�拭�Why
  must God perish if matter can be proved to think�拭�Is the vitality
  of matter in its innumerable manifestationsthe effect of its
  instinctsat all more explicable than the effects of the mind�拭�Is
  not the motion given to the worlds enough to prove God's
  existence�察�without our plunging into absurd speculations suggested
  by pride�拭�And if we pass�察�after our trials�察�from a perishable
  state of being to a higher existence�察�is not that enough for a
  creature that is distinguished from other creatures only by more
  perfect instincts�拭�If in moral philosophy there is not a single
  principle which does not lead to the absurd�察�or cannot be
  disproved by evidence�察�is it not high time that we should set to
  work to seek such dogmas as are written in the innermost nature of
  things�拭�Must we not reverse philosophical science��

  ;We trouble ourselves very little about the supposed void that
  must have pre´existed for us�察�and we try to fathom the supposed
  void that lies before us。 We make God responsible for the future��
  but we do not expect Him to account for the past。 And yet it is
  quite as desirable to know whether we have any roots in the past
  as to discover whether we are inseparable from the future。

  ;We have been Deists or Atheists in one direction only。

  ;Is the world eternal�拭�Was the world created�拭�We can conceive of
  no middle term between these two propositions�察�one�察�then�察�is true
  and the other false� �Take your choice。 Whichever it may be�察�God��
  as our reason depicts Him�察�must be deposed�察�and that amounts to
  denial。 The world is eternal�此�then�察�beyond question�察�God has had
  it forced upon Him。 The world was created�此�then God is an
  impossibility。 How could He have subsisted through an eternity��
  not knowing that He would presently want to create the world�拭�How
  could He have failed to foresee all the results��

  ;Whence did He derive the essence of creation�拭�Evidently from
  Himself。 If�察�then�察�the world proceeds from God�察�how can you
  account for evil�拭�That Evil should proceed from Good is absurd。 If
  evil does not exist�察�what do you make of social life and its laws��
  On all hands we find a precipice� �On every side a gulf in which
  reason is lost� �Then social science must be altogether
  reconstructed。

  ;Listen to me�察�uncle�察�until some splendid genius shall have taken
  account of the obvious inequality of intellects and the general
  sense of humanity�察�the word God will be constantly arraigned�察�and
  Society will rest on shifting sands。 The secret of the various
  moral zones through which man passes will be discovered by the
  analysis of the animal type as a whole。 That animal type has
  hitherto been studied with reference only to its differences�察�not
  to its similitudes�察�in its organic manifestations�察�not in its
  faculties。 Animal faculties are perfected in direct transmission��
  in obedience to laws which remain to be discovered。 These
  faculties correspond to the forces which express them�察�and those
  forces are essentially material and divisible。

  ;Material faculties� �Reflect on this juxtaposition of words。 Is
  not this a problem as insoluble as that of the first communication
  of motion to matteran unsounded gulf of which the difficulties
  were transposed rather than removed by Newton's system�拭�Again�察�the
  universal assimilation of light by everything that exists on earth
  demands a new study of our globe。 The same animal differs in the
  tropics of India and in the North。 Under the angular or the
  vertical incidence of the sun's rays nature is developed the same��
  but not the same�察�identical in its principles�察�but totally
  dissimilar in its outcome。 The phenomenon that amazes our eyes in
  the zoological world when we compare the butterflies of Brazil
  with those of Europe�察�is even more startling in the world of Mind。
  A particular facial angle�察�a certain amount of brain convolutions��
  are indispensable to produce Columbus�察�Raphael�察�Napoleon�察�Laplace��
  or Beethoven�察�the sunless valley produces the cretindraw your
  own conclusions。 Why such differences�察�due to the more or less
  ample diffusion of light to men�拭�The masses of suffering humanity��
  more or less active�察�fed�察�and enlightened�察�are a difficulty to be
  accounted for�察�crying out against God。

  ;Why in great joy do we always want to quit the earth�拭�whence
  comes the longing to rise which every creature has known or will
  know�拭�Motion is a great soul�察�and its alliance with matter is just
  as difficult to account for as the origin of thought in man。 In
  these days science is one�察�it is impossible to touch politics
  independent of moral questions�察�and these are bound up with
  scientific questions。 It seems to me that we are on the eve of a
  great human struggle�察�the forces are there�察�only I do not see the
  General。

;November 25。

  ;Believe me�察�dear uncle�察�it is hard to give up the life that is in
  us without a pang。 I am returning to Blois with a heavy grip at my
  heart�察�I shall die then�察�taking with me some useful truths。 No
  personal interest debases my regrets。 Is earthly fame a guerdon to
  those who believe that they wi

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