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及18何蛍

russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及18何蛍

弌傍�� russia in 1919(1919議躯忽) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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independent   of   all   fuel   which   had   to   be   brought   from   a   distance。     He 

referred   to   the   works   in   progress   for   utilizing   water   power   to   provide 

electrical     energy     for  the    Petrograd     factories�察   �and    said   that   similar 

electrification�察�on a basis of turf fuel�察�is planned for Moscow。 

       I asked how they were going to get the machines。                    He said that of 

course   they   would   prefer   to   buy   them  abroad�察  �but   that�察  �though   this   was 

impossible�察  �the   work   would   not   be   delayed   on   that   account�察  �since   they 

could     make     a  start  with    the   machines      they   had。    Turbines      for   the 

Petrograd   works   they  still   hoped to   obtain   from  abroad   when peace   had 

been   arranged。      If   the   worst   came   to   the   worst   he   thought   they   could 

make their own。         ;That is one unexpected result of Russia's long isolation。 

Her     dependence      on   imports     from    abroad    is  lessening。;     He    gave    an 

example in salt�察�the urgent need of which has led to the opening of a new 

industry�察�whose resources are such as to enable Russia not only to supply 

herself with salt�察�but the rest of the world as well if need should be。 

       I   asked    what    were     their   immediate      plans    with    regard    to   the 

electrification of Moscow。           He said that there was no water power near 

Moscow but big turf deposits which would be used as fuel。                      In order not 

to   interfere   with   the   actual   lighting   of   the   town   from   the   power´station 

already in existence�察�they are taking the electric plant from the Provodnik 

works�察�which will supply enough electricity for the lighting of the town。 

As soon as that is set up and working�察�they will use it for the immediate 

needs of Moscow�察�and set about transferring the existing power´station to 

the new situation near the turf beds。             In this way they hope to carry out 

the change from coal to turf without interfering with the ordinary life of 


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                                          RUSSIA IN 1919 



the town。 Eventually when things settle down they will get a larger plant。 

       I said�察 �Of course you have a double object in this�察�not only to lessen 

the   dependence   of   the   industrial   districts   on   fuel   that   has   to   be   brought 

from a distance�察�and of which you may be deprived�察�but also to lessen the 

strain on transport� ─�

       ;Yes�察─   �he   said。   ;Indeed      at  the  present    moment      the   latter  is  our 

greatest     difficulty�察  �hampering      everything     we    would    wish    to  do。   And 

transport we cannot put right without help from abroad。                    Therefore we do 

everything we can to use local resources�察�and are even developing the coal 

deposits   near   Moscow�察  �which   are   of   inferior   quality   to   the   Donetz   coal�察�

and were in the old days purposely smothered by the Donetz coal´owners�察�

who wished to preserve their monopoly。; 

       I asked him  if in his   opinion Russia could   organize herself  without 

help from abroad。          He said�察 �I rather think she will have to。               We want 

steam   dredgers�察  �steam   excavators�察  �and   locomotives   most   of   all�察  �but   we 

have   small   hope   of   getting   them   in   the   immediate   future�察  �because   the 

effects of the war have been            so serious in the disorganization of industry 

in   the   western   countries   that   it   is   doubtful   whether   they   will   be   in   a 

position to supply even their own needs。; 

       While we were talking Berg�察�the secretary�察�came in。 I asked him how 

his   Soviet   matches   were   progressing�察  �and   he   said   that   the   labels   were 

being   printed   and   that   the   first   lot   would   soon   be   ready。  They  will   be 

distributed on the card system�察�and he had calculated that they could sell 

them at twelve kopecks a packet。               I paid a rouble for a box of ordinary 

matches at Bieloostrov�察�and a rouble and a half here。 


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                                       RUSSIA IN 1919 



                THE RACE WITH RUIN 



    After    leaving   Rykov     I  went  to  see   Krestinsky�察  �the   Commissar     of 

Finance�察�the curious little optimist whose report on the Extraordinary Tax I 

had heard at the last meeting of the Executive Committee。              I found him in 

the Ilyinka street�察�in the Chinese town。         I began by telling him that I did 

not believe that   they meant   to pay the loans。         He laughed   and gave  me 

precisely the answer I had expected�此 �Of course we hope there will be a 

revolution in other countries�察�in which case they will repudiate their debts 

and forgive us ours。       But if that does not happen we know very well that 

we shall have to pay�察�and we are prepared to pay�察�and shall be able to pay�察�

in   concessions�察  �in   raw   material   which   they   need   more   than   they   need 

gold。; 

       Then�察�being myself neither an economist nor a theoretical socialist�察�I 

put before him what had been said to me in Stockholm by an Englishman 

who     was   both   one   and   the  other�察  �namely�察  �that�察 �being   isolated   from 

European finance�察�the Soviet Government of Russia was bound to come to 

an end on economic and financial grounds alone。 

       He said�此 �That would certainly be so�察�if rising prices�察�rising wages�察�

were to mean indefinitely increased demands on the printing machines for 

paper money。       But�察�while we are at present forced to print more and more 

money�察�another process is at work which�察�in the long run�察�will bring this 

state of things to an end。       Just as in our dealings with other countries we 

exchange goods instead of paying in money�察�so within our own frontiers 

money   is   ceasing   to   be   the   sole   medium   of   exchange。  Gradually   the 

workmen are coming to receive more and more in other forms than money。 

Houses�察  �for   example�察  �lighting   and   heating   are   only   a   beginning。   These 

things being state monopolies�察�the task of supplying the workman's needs 

without the use of money is comparatively easy。              The chief difficulty is�察�

of   course�察  �food   supplies�察  �which   depend    on   our  ability   to  keep  up  an 

exchange of goods with the villages。           If we can supply the villages with 

manufactured goods�察�they will supply us with food。                You can fairly say 

that our ruin or salvation depends on a race between the decreasing value 


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



of   money   ��with   the   consequent   need   for   printing   notes   in   ever   greater 

quantities�� and our growing ability to do without money altogether。                   That 

is of course�察�a broad view�察�and you must not for a moment suppose that we 

expect     to  do   without    money    in   the  immediate     future。    I   am   merely 

showing   you   the   two   opposing   tendencies   on   which   our   economic   fate 

depends。; 

       I will not set down here what he said about the Extraordinary Tax�察�for 

it was merely a repetition of what I had heard him say in committee。                     In 

connection with it�察�however�察�he admitted that capitalism and profiteering 

were hard things to root out�察�saying that they had great difficulty in getting 

at what he called ;the new bourgeoisie�察─�namely the speculators who have 

made   fortunes   since   the   revolution   by   selling   scarce   food     products   at 

fantastic prices。     It was difficult to tax them because they carried on their 

operations secretly and it was next to impossible to find out who they were。 

They did not bank their money�察�and though an attempt had been made to 

get at   them  through   the   house   committees�察 �it   was   found   that   even   these 

committees were unable to detect them。              They will�察�however�察�be made to 

disgorge      their  ill´gotten   gains    when    the   measure     first  proposed     by 

Sokolnikov last summer is put into practice。              This is a general exchange 

of new money for old�察�after which the old will be declared invalid。                    ;Of 

course�察─�said Krestinsky�察 �they will cheat in every possible way�察�scattering 

out the money among a number of friends and relations。                   But something 

will    have   been   done    in  cleaning    them    up�察  �and   that  process    will  be 

completed by a second exchange of money later on。; 



       Fifteen   milliards    of   new  notes   for   the  first   exchange   are  already 

printed�察�but they think that twenty milliards will be necessary。 

       I asked if the new money was better looking than the old�察�if it looked 

more   like   money   that   was   worth   having   than   the   wretched   little   notes 

printed by the Provisional Government and scornfully called ;Kerenkies; 

by the populace。 Krestinsky said he was afraid not�察�but that the second and 

final   exchange      would    be   made    in  notes   which     they   expected    to  be 

permanent。       They     did   not  expect    the  notes   of   the  first  exchange     to 

circulate abroad�察�but the notes of the second would carry with them state 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



obligation and they expected them to go into general currency。                  He added�察�

smiling that the words ;Proletariat of all lands�察�unite�察─�were to appear on 

the notes   in eight   languages。       The question of the look   of the  notes�察 �of 

their   ability   to   inspire   confidence   by   their   mere   appearance�察  �is   of   real 

importance in a country where so many of the peasantry will 

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