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russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及17何蛍

弌傍�� russia in 1919(1919議躯忽) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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the party which De Leon founded in America���察�read them for the first time�察�

and was amazed to see how far and how early De Leon had pursued the 

same   train   of    thought   as   the   Russians。   His   theory   that   representation 

should be by industries�察�not by areas�察�was already the germ of the Soviet 


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                                          RUSSIA IN 1919 



system。   He   remembered   seeing   De Leon   at   an   International   Conference。 

De Leon made no impression at all�察�a grey old man�察�quite unable to speak 

to   such   an   audience�此  �but   evidently   a   much   bigger   man   than   he   looked�察�

since   his   pamphlets   were   written   before   the   experience   of   the   Russian 

Revolution   of      1905。     Some      days   afterwards      I   noticed   that  Lenin    had 

introduced a few phrases of De Leon�察�as if to do honour to his memory�察�

into the draft for the new programme of the Communist party。 

       Talking     of   the   lies  that   are   told   about    Russia�察    �he   said   it  was 

interesting   to   notice   that   they   were   mostly   perversions   of   truth   and   not 

pure   inventions�察  �and   gave   as   an   example   the   recent   story   that   he   had 

recanted。      ;Do you know the origin of that�拭─�he said。                  ;I was wishing a 

happy New Year to a friend over the telephone�察�and said                        'And may we 

commit fewer stupidities this year than last��'                Some one overheard it and 

told    some     one   else。    A    newspaper       announced        Lenin      says   we    are 

committing stupidities' and so the story started。; 

        More than   ever�察 �Lenin struck   me   as   a   happy  man。           Walking home 

from the Kremlin�察�I tried to think of any other man of his calibre who had 

had   a   similar   joyous   temperament。         I   could   think   of   none。   This   little�察�

bald´headed�察�wrinkled man�察�who tilts his chair this way and that�察�laughing 

over one thing or another�察�ready any minute to give serious advice to any 

who   interrupt   him  to   ask   for   it�察 �advice   so   well   reasoned   that   it   is   to  his 

followers      far  more     compelling      than    any   command�察      �every    one    of  his 

wrinkles is a wrinkle of laughter�察�not of worry。               I think the reason must be 

that he is the first great leader who utterly discounts the value of his own 

personality。      He is quite without personal ambition。                More than that�察�he 

believes�察  �as   a   Marxist�察  �in   the   movement   of   the   masses   which�察  �with   or 

without him�察�would still move。             His whole faith is in the elemental forces 

that   move   people�察 �his   faith   in   himself   is   merely  his   belief   that   be   justly 

estimates the direction of those forces。             He does not believe that any man 

could     make     or  stop   the   revolution     which    he   thinks    inevitable。    If  the 

Russian   revolution   fails�察  �according   to   him�察  �it   fails   only  temporarily�察  �and 

because   of   forces   beyond   any   man's   control。         He   is   consequently   free 

with a freedom no other great man has ever had。                    It is not so much what 

he says that inspires confidence in him。                It is this sensible freedom�察�this 


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obvious    detachment。    With    his  philosophy  he   cannot  for  a  moment 

believe that one man's mistake might ruin all。      He is�察�for himself at any 

rate�察�the exponent�察�not the cause�察�of the events that will be for ever linked 

with his name。 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



         THE SUPREME COUNCIL OF 

                    PUBLIC ECONOMY 



     February 20th。 

       To´day   was   an   unlucky   day。     I   felt   tired�察  �ill   and   hungry�察  �and   had 

arranged to talk with both Rykov�察�the President of the Supreme Council of 

People's   Economy�察  �and   Krestinsky�察  �the   Commissar   of   Finance�察  �at   such 

awkward times   that   I   got no tea   and   could   get nothing   to   eat until   after 

four o'clock。      Two such talks on an empty stomach ��for the day before I 

had   had   only  a   plate   of   soup   and   a   little   scrap   of   fish��   were   a   little   too 

much for me�察�and I fear I did not gather as much information as I should 

have collected under better conditions。 

       I had a jolly drive�察�early in the morning�察�through the Chinese Town�察�

and out by the gate in the old wall�察�up Myasnitzkaya Street�察�and round to 

the   right   to  a   building  that   used   to   be   the   Grand  Hotel   of   Siberia�察  �a 

loathsome   place   where   I   once   stayed。      Here   in   the   old   days   provincial 

merchants put up�察�who did not mind high prices and a superfluity of bugs。 

It has now been turned into a hive of office work�察�and is the headquarters 

of    the   Supreme      Council      of    Public     Economy�察      �which�察   �controlling 

production   and   distribution   alike�察  �is   the   centre   of   the   constructive   work 

going on throughout the country。 

       This Council�察�the theorists tell me�察�is intended to become the central 

organization of the state。        The Soviets will naturally become less and less 

important      as   instruments     of   political   transition    as  that   transition    is 

completed and the struggle against reaction within and without comes to 

an end。      Then the chief business of the state will no longer be to protect 

itself   against   enemies   but   to   develop   its   economic   life�察  �to   increase   its 

productivity   and   to   improve   the   material   conditions   of   the   workers   of 

whom it is composed。           All these tasks are those of the Supreme Council 

of   Public   Economy�察  �and   as   the   bitterness   of   the   struggle   dies   away   this 

body�察  �which   came   into   being   almost   unnoticed   in   the   din   of   battle�察  �will 

become more and more important in comparison with the Soviets�察�which 


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were   in   origin   not   constructive   organizations   but   the   instruments   of   a 

revolution�察�the hardest stages of which have already been accomplished。 

       It   is   perhaps   worth   while   to   set   out   here   the   constitution   of   this 

Council。      It   is   considered   at   present   as   the   economic   department   of   the 

All´Russian Central Executive Committee�察�to which�察�and to the Council of 

People's Commissaries�察�it is responsible。               It regulates all production and 

distribution。      It reports on the various estimates of the state budget and�察�in 

conjunction with the Commissariats of Finance and State Control�察�carries 

out   the   financing   of   all   branches   of   public   economy。      It   consists   of   69 

members�察�and is composed as follows��Ten representatives from the All´ 

Russian      Executive      Committee�察      �thirty   from    the  All´Russian       Industrial 

Productive Union ��a union of Trade Unions���察�twenty from the ten District 

Councils      of   Public    Economy�察      �two    from    the   All´Russian      Council     of 

Workers'      Cooperative      Societies�察   �and    one   representative      each   from    the 

Commissariats of Supply�察�Ways of Communication�察�Labour�察�Agriculture�察�

Finance�察�Trade and Industry�察�and Internal Affairs。                 It meets as a whole at 

least   once   in   every   month。     The   work   of   its   members   is   directed   by   a 

Presidium of nine members�察�of which it elects eight�察�the President being 

elected by the All´Russian Central Executive Committee�察�and enjoying the 

rank of a People's Commissar or Minister。 

       I   had   a   long   talk   with   Rykov�察  �the   President�察  �or   rather   listened   to   a 

long   lecture   by   him�察  �only   now   and   then   succeeding   in   stopping   him   by 

forcing a question into the thread of his harangue。                  He stammers a little�察�

and   talks   so   indistinctly  that   for   the   first   time   ��No。 The   first time   was 

when Chicherin gabbled through the provisions of the Brest Treaty at the 

fourth All´Russian Assembly。��   I   felt   willing   to   forgive   normal   Russians�察�

who nearly always talk as if they were in Petrograd and their listener in 

Vladivostok。 

       Part of what he said is embodied in what I have already written。                    But 

besides   sketching   the   general   aims   of   the   Council�察  �Rykov   talked   of   the 

present   economic   position   of   Russia。         At   the   moment   Russian   industry 

was in peculiar difficulties owing to the fuel crisis。                This was partly due 

to the fact that the Czechs and the Reactionaries�察�who had used the Czechs 

to screen their own organization�察�had control of the coalfields in the Urals�察�


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and partly to the fact that the German occupation of the Ukraine and the 

activities of Krasnov had cut off Soviet Russia from the Donetz coal basin�察�

which      had   been    a  main    source    of  supply�察   �although     in  the   old   days 

Petrograd   had   also   got   coal   from   England。      It   was   now�察  �however�察  �clear 

that�察�with a friendly Ukraine�察�they would have the use of the Donetz basin 

much sooner than they had expected。 

       The   Brest   peace   and   the   deprivations   it   involved   had   made   them 

consider the position of the industrial districts from a new standpoint�察�and 

they were determined to make Petrograd and Moscow as far as possible 

independent   of   all   fuel   which   had   to   be   brought   from   a   distance。

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