伊浪窮徨慕 > 将砿凪麿窮徨慕 > russia in 1919(1919議躯忽) >

及16何蛍

russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及16何蛍

弌傍�� russia in 1919(1919議躯忽) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




by point the resolutions establishing these�察�changes and providing for the 

formation   of  Revolutionary Tribunals。             Trial   to take   place  within   forty´ 

eight hours after the conclusion of the investigation�察�and the investigation 

to take not longer than a month。            He ended as he ended his sentences�察�as 

if   by   accident�察   �and   people     scarcely    realized    he   had   finished    before 

Sverdlov announced the next speaker。 

       Krylenko proposed an amendment to ensure that no member of the 

Revolutionary        Tribunal    could    be  also   a  member      of  the   Extraordinary 

Commission which had taken up and investigated a case。                     His speech was 

very   disappointing。       He    is  not   at  his  best   when    addressing     a  serious 

meeting like that of the Executive Committee。                 The Krylenko who spoke 

to´night�察  �fluently�察  �clearly�察  �but   without   particular   art�察  �is   a   very   different 

Krylenko from the virtuoso in mob oratory�察�the little�察�dangerous�察 �elderly 

man     in  ensign's    uniform     who    swayed     the  soldiers'   mass    meetings     in 

Petrograd      a  year   and   a  half   ago。   I   remember      hearing    him    speak   in 

barracks soon after the murder of Shingarev and Kokoshkin�察�urging class 

struggle and at the same time explaining the difference between that and 

the   murder   of   sick   men   in   bed。   He   referred   to   the   murder   and�察  �while 

continuing his speech�察�talking already of another subject�察�be went through 

the actions of a man approaching a bed and killing a sleeper with a pistol。 

It was a trick�察�of course�察�but the thrilling�察�horrible effect of it moved the 

whole   audience   with   a   shudder   of   disgust。       There   was   nothing   of   this 

kind in his short lecture on jurisprudence to´night。 

       Avanesov�察�the tall�察�dark secretary of the Executive Committee�察�with 

the   face   of   a   big�察  �benevolent   hawk   hooded   in   long   black   hair�察  �opposed 


´ Page 64´

                                          RUSSIA IN 1919 



Krylenko on the ground that there were not enough trustworthy workers to 

ensure   that   in   country   districts   such   a   provision   could   be   carried   out。 

Finally   the   resolution   was   passed   as   a   whole   and   the   amendment   was 

referred to the judgment of the presidium。 

       The Committee next passed to the consideration of the Extraordinary 

Tax levied on the propertied classes。 Krestinsky�察�Commissary of Finance�察�

made his report to a grim audience�察�many of whom quite frankly regarded 

the tax   as   a  political   mistake。    Krestinsky  is   a   short�察 �humorous   man�察  �in 

dark spectacles�察�dressed more like a banker than like a Bolshevik。                      It was 

clear that the   collection   of   the tax   had   not   been   as   successful   as   he   had 

previously   suggested。         I   was   interested   in   his   reference   to   the   double 

purpose of the tax and in the reasons he gave for its comparative failure。 

The tax had a fiscal purpose�察�partly to cover deficit�察�partly by drawing in 

paper   money   to   raise   the   value   of   the   rouble。     It   had   also   a   political 

purpose。      It was intended to affect the propertied classes only�察�and thus to 

weaken the Kulaks ��hard´fists�察�rich peasants�� in the villages and to teach 

the   poorer   peasants   the   meaning   of   the   revolution。   Unfortunately   some 

Soviets�察     �where    the   minority     of   the   Kulaks     had    retained    the   unfair 

domination   given   it   by   its   economic   strength�察  �had   distributed   the   tax´ 

paying equally over the whole population�察�thus very naturally raising the 

resentment of the poor who found themselves taxed to the same amount as 

those   who   could   afford   to   pay。     It   had   been   necessary   to   send   circular 

telegrams      emphasizing       the   terms    of  the   decree。    In    cases   where     the 

taxation   had   been   carried   out   as   intended   there   had   been   no   difficulty。 

The     most    significant     reason    for   the   partial   unsuccess      was    that   the 

propertied class�察�as such�察�had already diminished to a greater extent than 

had   been   supposed�察  �and   many   of   those   taxed�察  �for   example�察  �as   factory 

owners were already working�察�not as factory owners�察�but as paid directors 

in nationalized factories�察�and were therefore no longer subject to the tax。 

In other words�察�the partial failure of the tax was a proof of the successful 

development of the revolution。 ��This is illustrated by the concrete case of 

;Uncle;   recorded   on   p。   73。��   Krestinsky   believed   that   the   revolution   had 

gone so far that no further tax of �察�this kind would be either possible or 

necessary。 


´ Page 65´

RUSSIA IN 1919 


´ Page 66´

                                       RUSSIA IN 1919 



         NOTES OF CONVERSATIONS 

                            WITH LENIN 



     Whatever else they may think of him�察�not even his enemies deny that 

Vladimir   Ilyitch   Oulianov   ��Lenin��   is   one   of   the   greatest   personalities   of 

his time。     I therefore make no apology for writing down such scraps of 

his conversation as seem to illustrate his manner of mind。 

       He   was    talking   of   the  lack   of   thinkers   in  the   English    labour 

movement�察�and said he remembered hearing Shaw speak at some meeting。 

Shaw�察�he said�察�was ;A good man fallen among Fabians; and a great deal 

further    left  than   his  company。       He    had   not   heard   of   ;The   Perfect 

Wagnerite�察─  �but   was   interested   when   I   told   him   the   general   idea   of   the 

book�察  �and   turned   fiercely   on   an   interrupter   who   said   that   Shaw   was   a 

clown。     ;He may be a clown for the bourgeoisie in a bourgeois state�察�but 

they would not think him a clown in a revolution。; 

       He   asked   whether     Sidney   Webb     was   consciously     working    in  the 

interests of the capitalists�察�and when I said I was quite sure that he was not�察�

he said�察 �Then he has more industry than brains。               He certainly has great 

knowledge。; 

       He was entirely convinced that England was on the eve of revolution�察�

and pooh´poohed my objections。             ;Three months ago I thought it would 

end in all the world having to fight the centre of reaction in England。               But 

I do not think so now。        Things have gone further there than in France�察�if 

the news as to the extent of the strikes is true。; 

       I   pointed    out   some     of   the   circumstances�察      �geographical     and 

economical�察  �which   would   make   the   success   of   a   violent   revolution   in 

England problematical in the extreme�察�and put to him the same suggestion 

that I put to Bucharin ��see page 81���察�namely�察�that a suppressed movement 

in   England   would   be   worse   for   Russia   than   our   traditional   method   of 

compromise。        He   agreed   at   once�察  �but   said�察   �That   is   quite   true�察  �but   you 

cannot stop a revolution 。 。 。 although Ramsay MacDonald will try to at the 

last   minute。    Strikes   and   Soviets。    If   these   two   habits   once   get   hold�察�


´ Page 67´

                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



nothing   will   keep   the   workmen   from  them。         And   Soviets�察 �once   started�察�

must   sooner   or   later   come   to   supreme   power。;   Then�察   �But   certainly   it 

would   be   much   more   difficult   in   England。        Your   big   clerk   and   shop´ 

keeping   class   would   oppose   it�察  �until   the   workmen   broke   them。       Russia 

was indeed the only country in which the revolution could start。                    And we 

are not yet through our troubles with the peasantry。; 

       I suggested that one reason why it had been possible in Russia was 

that they had had room to retreat。 

       ;Yes�察─   �he   said。   ;The     distances     saved    us。   The     Germans      were 

frightened of them�察�at the time when they could indeed have eaten us up�察�

and won peace�察�which the Allies would have given them in gratitude for 

our destruction。       A revolution in England would have nowhere whither to 

retire。; 

       Of   the   Soviets   he   said�察   �In   the   beginning   I   thought   they   were   and 

would remain a purely Russian form�察�but it is now quite clear that under 

various names they must be the instruments of revolution everywhere。; 

       He expressed the opinion that in England they would not allow me to 

tell   the   truth   about   Russia�察  �and   gave   as   an   example   the   way   in   which 

Colonel Robins had been kept silent in America。                 He asked about Robins�察�

;Had   he   really   been   as   friendly   to   the   Soviet   Government   as   he   made 

out�拭─�I said�察 �Yes�察�if only as a sportsman admiring its pluck and courage in 

difficulties。; I quoted Robins' saying�察 �I can't go against a baby I have sat 

up   with   for   six   months。    But   if   there   were   a   Bolshevik   movement   in 

America I'd be out with my rifle to fight it every time。; ;Now that�察─�said 

Lenin�察 �is an honest man and more far´seeing than most。                     I always liked 

that   man。;   He   shook   with   laughter   at   the   image   of   the   baby�察  �and   said�察�

;That baby had several million other folk sitting up with it too。; 

       He said he had read in an English socialist paper a comparison of his 

own theories with those of an American�察�Daniel De Leon。                       He had then 

borrowed some of De Leon's pamphlets from Reinstein ��who belongs to 

the party which De Leon founded in America���察�read them for the first time�察�

and was amazed to see how far an

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��1�� 家��1��

低辛嬬浪散議