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russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及15何蛍

弌傍�� russia in 1919(1919議躯忽) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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put up the fight we are putting up against the reactionaries if it were not 

for    the   real   revolutionary      spirit   of  the   people     as   a  whole。      The 

reactionaries   have   money�察  �munitions�察  �supplies   of   all   kinds�察  �instructors�察�

from outside。 We have nothing�察�and yet we beat them。                   Do you know that 

the   English   have   given   them   tanks�拭     �Have   you   heard   that   in   one   place 

they used gases or something of the kind�察�and blinded eight hundred men�拭�

And yet we win。         Why�拭�Because from every town we capture we get new 

strength。 And   any   town   they   take   is   a   source   of   weakness   to   them�察  �one 

more town to garrison and hold against the wishes of the population。; 

       ;And if you do get peace�察�what then� ─�

       ;We want from abroad all that we cannot make ourselves。 We want a 

hundred   thousand versts   of   rails。       Now  we   have to take   up   rails   in   one 

place   to   lay   them   in   another。  We   want   new   railways   built。      We   want 

dredgers for our canals and river works。             We want excavators。; 

       ;And how do you expect people to sell you these things when your 

foreign credit is not worth a farthing�拭─�

       ;We shall pay in concessions�察�giving foreigners the right to take raw 


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                                          RUSSIA IN 1919 



materials。      Timber�察  �actual   timber�察  �is   as   good   as   credit。   We   have   huge 

areas   of   forest   in   the   north�察  �and   every   country   in   Europe   needs   timber。 

Let that be our currency for foreign purchases。                  We are prepared to say�察�

'You build this�察�or give us that�察�and we will give you the right to take so 

much timber for yourselves。' And so on。                And concessions of other kinds 

also。    As a matter of fact negotiations are now proceeding with a foreign 

firm for the building of a railway from the Obi to Kotlas。; 

       ;But part of that district is not in your hands。 

       ;If we get peace we shall be able to arrange that without difficulty。; 

       Just   as   I   was   going   he   stopped   me�察  �and   evidently   not   in   the   least 

realizing that English people generally have come to think of him and his 

friends   as   of   some   strange   sort   of   devils�察  �if   not   with   horns   and   tails�察�

certainly far removed from human beings�察�he asked�此�

       ;If   we   do   get   peace�察  �don't   you   think   there   will   be   engineers   and 

skilled labourers in England who will volunteer to come out to Russia and 

help us�拭     �There is so much to do that I can promise they will have the 

best we can give them。           We are almost as short of skilled men as we are 

of locomotives。        We are now taking simple unskilled workmen who show 

any  signs   of   brains   and   training   them   as   we   go   along。     There   must   be 

engineers�察�railwaymen�察�mechanics among English socialists who would be 

glad to come。        And of course they need not be socialists�察�so long as they 

are good engineers。; 

       That last suggestion of his is entirely characteristic。              It is impossible 

to make the Bolsheviks realize that the English people feel any hostility 

towards   them。       Nor   do   they   feel   hostility   towards   the   English   as   such。 

On   my   way   back   to   the   hotel   I   met   a   party   of   English   soldiers�察  �taken 

prisoners on the northern   front�察 �walking free�察 �without a  convoy�察  �through 

the streets。 


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



      THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 

                    AND THE TERROR 



     February 17th。 

       My general impression that the Soviet revolution has passed through 

its period of internal struggle and is concentrating upon constructive work 

so far as that is allowed by war on all its frontiers�察�and that the population 

is settling down under the new regime�察�was confirmed by the meeting of 

the   Executive     Committee      which    definitely   limited    the  powers    of   the 

Extraordinary  Commission。           Before   the   sitting   was   opened   I   had   a   few 

words   with     Peters   and   with  Krylenko。   The   excitement       of   the  internal 

struggle was over。       It had been bitterly fought within the party�察�and both 

Krylenko   of   the   Revolutionary  Tribunal   and   Peters   of   the   Extraordinary 

Commission        were   there   merely   to   witness   the  official   act  that  would 

define   their   new   position。   Peters   talked   of   his   failure   to   get   away   for 

some shooting�察�Krylenko jeered at me for having refused to believe in the 

Lockhart     conspiracy。     Neither   showed     any   traces  of  the   bitter  struggle 

waged within the party for and against the almost dictatorial powers of the 

Extraordinary Commission for dealing with counter´revolution。 

       The sitting opened with a report by Dserzhinsky�察�that strange ascetic 

who�察  �when      in  prison  in   Warsaw�察   �insisted   on   doing   the   dirty   work  of 

emptying the slops and cleaning other people's cells besides his own�察�on a 

theory   that   one   man   should   where   possible   take   upon   himself   the   evil 

which   would   otherwise   have   to   be   shared   by   all�察  �and   in   the   dangerous 

beginning of the revolution had taken upon himself the most unpopular of 

all   posts�察  �that  of   President    of  the   Extraordinary     Commission。        His 

personal uprightness is the complement of an absolute personal courage�察�

shown again and again during the last eighteen months。                   At the time of 

the   Left   Social   Revolutionary   mutiny   he   went   without   a   guard   to   the 

headquarters of the mutineers�察�believing that he could bring them to reason�察�

and when arrested by them dared them to shoot him and showed so bold a 

front that in the end the soldiers set to watch him set him free and returned 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



to their allegiance。       This thin�察�tallish man�察�with a fanatic face not unlike 

some     of   the  traditional   portraits    of  St。  Francis�察  �the   terror  of   counter´ 

revolutionaries and criminals alike�察�is a very bad speaker。                 He looks into 

the    air  over   the   heads   of   his  audience     and    talks  as   if  he  were    not 

addressing   them   at   all   but   some   one   else   unseen。     He   talks   even   of   a 

subject     which    he   knows     perfectly    with   curious    inability   to  form    his 

sentences�察  �stops�察  �changes   words�察  �and   often�察  �recognizing   that   he   cannot 

finish his sentence�察�ends where he is�察�in the middle of it�察�with a little odd�察�

deprecating emphasis�察�as if to say�此 �At this point there is a full stop。                   At 

least so it seems。; 

       He gave a short colourless sketch of the history of the Extraordinary 

Commission。         He referred to the various crises with which it had had to 

deal�察�beginning with the drunken pogroms in Petrograd�察�the suppression of 

the combined anarchists and criminals in Moscow ��he mentioned that after 

that four hours' struggle which ended in the clearing out of the anarchists' 

strongholds�察�criminality in Moscow decreased by 80 per cent。���察�to the days 

of the Terror when�察�now here�察�now there�察�armed risings against the Soviet 

were   engineered   by   foreigners   and   by       counter´revolutionaries   working 

with   them。     He   then   made   the   point   that   throughout   all   this   time   the 

revolution      had    been     threatened     by   large´scale     revolts。      Now      the 

revolution      was    safe   from    such    things    and   was    threatened     only    by 

individual treacheries of various kinds�察�not by things which needed action 

on a large scale。        They had   traitors�察�no doubt�察 �in the Soviet   institutions 

who were waiting for the day ��which would never come�� to join with their 

enemies�察�and meanwhile were secretly hampering their work。                        They did 

not   need   on   that   account   to   destroy   their   institutions   as   a   whole。 The 

struggle   with   counter´revolution   had   passed   to   a   new   stage。        They   no 

longer had to do open battle with open enemies�察�they had merely to guard 

themselves against individuals。            The laws of war by which�察�meeting him 

on the field of battle�察�the soldier had a right to kill his enemy without trial�察�

no longer held good。          The situation was now that of peace�察�where each 

offender must have his guilt proved before a court。                Therefore the right of 

sentencing      was    removed      from   the   Extraordinary      Commission�察      �but   if�察�

through unforeseen circumstances�察�the old conditions should return�察�they 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



intended that the dictatorial powers of the Commission should be restored 

to it until those conditions had ceased。           Thus if�察�in case of armed counter´ 

revolution�察     �a   district  were     declared     to  be   in   a   state   of  war�察   �the 

Extraordinary Commission would resume its old powers。                        Otherwise its 

business   would   be   to   hand   offenders�察  �such   as   Soviet   officials   who   were 

habitually late ��here there was a laugh�察�the only sign throughout his speech 

that   Dserzhinsky  was   holding   the   attention   of   his   audience���察  �over   to   the 

Revolutionary Tribunal�察�which would try them and�察�should their guilt be 

proved�察�put them in concentration camps to learn to work。                    He read point 

by point the resolutions establishing these�察�changes and providing for the 

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