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russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及20何蛍

弌傍�� russia in 1919(1919議躯忽) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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of   all  the  factories�察  �and   Nogin     believed    that  the  system   of    combined 

elective workmen's and appointed experts' representation could hardly be 

improved upon。 

       Nationalization      had    had   the   effect   of   standardizing     the   output。 

Formerly�察�an infinite variety of slightly different stuffs were produced�察�the 

variations     being    often   merely    for   the  sake   of   being    different   in  the 

competitive trade。        Useless varieties had now been done away with�察�with 

the result of greater economy in production。 

       I asked what he could tell me about their difficulties in the matter of 

raw   material。     He   said   they   no   longer   get   anything   from America�察  �and 

while   the   railway   was   cut   at   Orenburg   by   the   Cossacks�察  �they   naturally 

could     get  no   cotton    from   Turkestan。      In   fact�察 �last  autumn     they   had 

calculated that they had only enough material to keep the factories going 

until December。        Now they found they could certainly keep going to the 

end   of   March�察  �and   probably   longer。      Many   small   factories�察  �wishing   to 

make   their   cases   out   worse   than   they   were�察  �had   under´estimated   their 

stocks。     Here�察 �as in   other  things�察 �the isolation of   the  revolution had   the 

effect   of   teaching   the   Russians   that   they   were   less   dependent   upon   the 

outside world than they had been in the habit of supposing。 He asked me if 

I knew it had been considered impossible to combine flax and cotton in 

such   a   way   that   the   mixture   could   be   worked   in   machines   intended   for 

cotton only。 They had an infinite supply of flax�察�much of which in the old 


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days   had   been   exported。   Investigations   carried   on   for   the   Centro´Textile 

by   two   professors�察  �the   brothers   Chilikin�察  �had   ended   in   the   discovery   of 

three different processes for the cottonizing of flax in such a way that they 

could now mix not only a small percentage of their flax with cotton and 

use the old machines�察�but were actually using fifty per cent。 flax and had 

already   produced   material   experimentally   with   as   much   as   seventy´five 

per cent。 

       ��Some     days    later  two   young     technicians    from    the   Centro´Textile 

brought     me    a  neatly   prepared    set   of  specimens     illustrating    these   new 

processes   and   asked   me   to   bring   them   anything   of   the   same   sort   from 

England in return。        They were not Bolshevikswere�察�in fact�察�typical non´ 

politicals。     They were pleased with what the CentroTextile was doing�察�

and     said  that   more    encouragement        was    given    to  research    than    ever 

formerly。      But   they  were  very  despondent   about   the  economic   position。 

I   could   not   make   them   understand   why   Russia   was   isolated�察  �and   that   I 

might be unable to bring them technical books from England。�� 

       Nogin   rather   boastfully   said   that   the   western   linen   industry   would 

suffer from the isolation of Russia�察�whereas in the long run the Russians 

would be able to do without the rest of the world。                 With�察�regard to wool�察�

they   would   have   no   difficulty   now   that   they   were   again   united   with   a 

friendly Ukraine。        The silk industry was to be developed in the Astrakhan 

district where climatic conditions are particularly favourable。 

       I asked about the fate of the old textile manufacturers and was told 

that though many had gone abroad many were working in the nationalized 

factories。      The     engineering     staff�察  �which    mostly     struck   work     at  the 

beginning   of   the   revolution�察  �had   almost   without   exception   returned�察  �the 

younger   engineers   in   particular   realizing   the   new   possibilities   opening 

before   the   industry�察  �the   continual   need   of   new   improvements�察  �and   the 

immediate   welcome   given   to   originality   of   any   kind。         Apart   from   the 

question of food�察�which was bad for everybody�察�the social standard of the 

workers      had   risen。   Thus     one   of  their   immediate     difficulties    was   the 

provision of   proper houses。          The   capitalists and   manufacturers kept the 

workers in barracks。         ;Now´a´days the men want better dwellings and we 

mean to give them better。           Some have moved into the old houses of the 


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owners and manufacturers�察�but of course there are not enough of these to 

go round�察�and we have extensive plans in the way of building villages and 

garden cities for the workmen。; 

       I asked Nogin what�察�in his opinion�察�was most needed by Russia from 

abroad�察�and he said that as far as the textile industries were concerned they 

wanted machinery。         Like every one else to whom I put this question�察�he 

said that every industry in Russia would be in a better position if only they 

had more locomotives。          ;Some of our factories are stopping now for lack 

of   fuel�察  �and   at   Saratov�察  �for   example�察  �we   have   masses   of   raw   material 

which we are unable to get to Moscow。; 


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               MODIFICATION IN THE 

          AGRARIAN PROGRAMME 



     In   the   afternoon   I   met   Sereda�察  �the   Commissar   of   Agriculture。  He 

insisted   that   the   agrarian   policy   had   been   much   misrepresented   by   their 

enemies for the purposes of agitation。          They had no intention of any such 

idiocy as the attempt to force the peasants to give up private ownership。 

The establishment of communes was not to be compulsory in any way�察�it 

was   to   be   an   illustrative   means   of   propaganda   of   the   idea   of   communal 

work�察�not more。       The main task before them was to raise the standard of 

Russian agriculture�察�which under the old system was extremely low。                  By 

working   many   of   the   old   estates   on   a   communal   system   with   the   best 

possible methods they hoped to do two things at once�此�to teach the peasant 

to   realize   the   advantages   of   communal   labour�察  �and   to   show   him   that   he 

could himself get a very great deal more out of his land than he does。              ;In 

other ways also we are doing everything we can to give direct help to the 

small agriculturists。     We have mobilized all the agricultural experts in the 

country。     We are issuing a mass of simply written pamphlets explaining 

better methods of farming。; 

       ��I   have   seen   scores   of   these   pamphlets   on   forestry�察  �potatoes�察  �turf�察�

rotation of crops�察�and so on�察�besides the agricultural journals issued by the 

Commissariat and sent in large quantities to the villages。�� 

       I told Sereda I had heard that the peasants were refusing to sow more 

than they wanted for their own needs。            He said that on the contrary the 

latest reports gave them the right to hope for a greater sown area this year 

than ever before�察�and that even more would have been sown if Denmark 

had not been prevented from letting them have the seed for which they had 

actually paid。     I   put the   same question   to him  that I   put to   Nogin as to 

what they most needed�察�he replied�察 �Tractors。; 


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



                  FOREIGN TRADE AND 

                 MUNITIONS OF WAR 



     February 25th。 

       I   had   a   talk   in   the   Metropole   with   Krasin�察  �who   is   Commissar   for 

Trade and Industry and also President of the Committee for Supplying the 

Needs   of   the Army。      He   had   disapproved   of   the   November   Revolution�察�

but last year�察�when things looked like going badly�察�he came to Russia from 

Stockholm   feeling   that   he   could   not   do   otherwise   than   help。   He   is   an 

elderly man�察�an engineer�察�and very much of a European。 We talked first of 

the Russian plans with regard to foreign trade。             All foreign trade�察�he said�察�

is now concentrated in the hands of the State�察�which is therefore able to 

deal as a single customer。        I asked how that would apply to purchase�察�and 

whether   they   expected   that   countries   dealing   with   them   would   organize 

committees through which the whole Russian trade of each such country 

should similarly pass。        Krasin said�察 �Of course that would be preferable�察�

but only in the case of socialist countries。          As things are now it would be 

very much to our disadvantage。 It is better for us to deal with individual 

capitalists than with a   ring。       The formation of   a committee in   England�察�

for example�察�with a monopoly of trade with Russia�察�would have the effect 

of raising prices against us�察�since we could no longer go from a dear shop 

to a cheaper one。       Besides�察�as socialists we naturally wish to do nothing 

to help in the trustification of English manufacturers。; 

       He recognized that foreign trade on any  large scale was impossible 

until   their  transport    had   been   improved。      Russia     proposed    to  do   her 

paying in raw material�察�in flax�察�timber�察�etc。�察�in materials of which she had 

great   quantities   although   she  could not bring  them  to   the  ports until   her 

transport   should   be   restored。    It   would�察  �therefore�察  �be   in   the   foreigner's 

own     interests   to  help  them   in   this  matter。   He    added    that  they   were 

confident   that   in   the   long   run   they   could�察  �without   foreign   help�察  �so   far 

restore   their 

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