russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及20何蛍
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
of all the factories�察 �and Nogin believed that the system of combined
elective workmen's and appointed experts' representation could hardly be
improved upon。
Nationalization had had the effect of standardizing the output。
Formerly�察�an infinite variety of slightly different stuffs were produced�察�the
variations being often merely for the sake of being different in the
competitive trade。 Useless varieties had now been done away with�察�with
the result of greater economy in production。
I asked what he could tell me about their difficulties in the matter of
raw material。 He said they no longer get anything from America�察 �and
while the railway was cut at Orenburg by the Cossacks�察 �they naturally
could get no cotton from Turkestan。 In fact�察 �last autumn they had
calculated that they had only enough material to keep the factories going
until December。 Now they found they could certainly keep going to the
end of March�察 �and probably longer。 Many small factories�察 �wishing to
make their cases out worse than they were�察 �had under´estimated their
stocks。 Here�察 �as in other things�察 �the isolation of the revolution had the
effect of teaching the Russians that they were less dependent upon the
outside world than they had been in the habit of supposing。 He asked me if
I knew it had been considered impossible to combine flax and cotton in
such a way that the mixture could be worked in machines intended for
cotton only。 They had an infinite supply of flax�察�much of which in the old
´ Page 81´
RUSSIA IN 1919
days had been exported。 Investigations carried on for the Centro´Textile
by two professors�察 �the brothers Chilikin�察 �had ended in the discovery of
three different processes for the cottonizing of flax in such a way that they
could now mix not only a small percentage of their flax with cotton and
use the old machines�察�but were actually using fifty per cent。 flax and had
already produced material experimentally with as much as seventy´five
per cent。
��Some days later two young technicians from the Centro´Textile
brought me a neatly prepared set of specimens illustrating these new
processes and asked me to bring them anything of the same sort from
England in return。 They were not Bolshevikswere�察�in fact�察�typical non´
politicals。 They were pleased with what the CentroTextile was doing�察�
and said that more encouragement was given to research than ever
formerly。 But they were very despondent about the economic position。
I could not make them understand why Russia was isolated�察 �and that I
might be unable to bring them technical books from England。��
Nogin rather boastfully said that the western linen industry would
suffer from the isolation of Russia�察�whereas in the long run the Russians
would be able to do without the rest of the world。 With�察�regard to wool�察�
they would have no difficulty now that they were again united with a
friendly Ukraine。 The silk industry was to be developed in the Astrakhan
district where climatic conditions are particularly favourable。
I asked about the fate of the old textile manufacturers and was told
that though many had gone abroad many were working in the nationalized
factories。 The engineering staff�察 �which mostly struck work at the
beginning of the revolution�察 �had almost without exception returned�察 �the
younger engineers in particular realizing the new possibilities opening
before the industry�察 �the continual need of new improvements�察 �and the
immediate welcome given to originality of any kind。 Apart from the
question of food�察�which was bad for everybody�察�the social standard of the
workers had risen。 Thus one of their immediate difficulties was the
provision of proper houses。 The capitalists and manufacturers kept the
workers in barracks。 ;Now´a´days the men want better dwellings and we
mean to give them better。 Some have moved into the old houses of the
´ Page 82´
RUSSIA IN 1919
owners and manufacturers�察�but of course there are not enough of these to
go round�察�and we have extensive plans in the way of building villages and
garden cities for the workmen。;
I asked Nogin what�察�in his opinion�察�was most needed by Russia from
abroad�察�and he said that as far as the textile industries were concerned they
wanted machinery。 Like every one else to whom I put this question�察�he
said that every industry in Russia would be in a better position if only they
had more locomotives。 ;Some of our factories are stopping now for lack
of fuel�察 �and at Saratov�察 �for example�察 �we have masses of raw material
which we are unable to get to Moscow。;
´ Page 83´
RUSSIA IN 1919
MODIFICATION IN THE
AGRARIAN PROGRAMME
In the afternoon I met Sereda�察 �the Commissar of Agriculture。 He
insisted that the agrarian policy had been much misrepresented by their
enemies for the purposes of agitation。 They had no intention of any such
idiocy as the attempt to force the peasants to give up private ownership。
The establishment of communes was not to be compulsory in any way�察�it
was to be an illustrative means of propaganda of the idea of communal
work�察�not more。 The main task before them was to raise the standard of
Russian agriculture�察�which under the old system was extremely low。 By
working many of the old estates on a communal system with the best
possible methods they hoped to do two things at once�此�to teach the peasant
to realize the advantages of communal labour�察 �and to show him that he
could himself get a very great deal more out of his land than he does。 ;In
other ways also we are doing everything we can to give direct help to the
small agriculturists。 We have mobilized all the agricultural experts in the
country。 We are issuing a mass of simply written pamphlets explaining
better methods of farming。;
��I have seen scores of these pamphlets on forestry�察 �potatoes�察 �turf�察�
rotation of crops�察�and so on�察�besides the agricultural journals issued by the
Commissariat and sent in large quantities to the villages。��
I told Sereda I had heard that the peasants were refusing to sow more
than they wanted for their own needs。 He said that on the contrary the
latest reports gave them the right to hope for a greater sown area this year
than ever before�察�and that even more would have been sown if Denmark
had not been prevented from letting them have the seed for which they had
actually paid。 I put the same question to him that I put to Nogin as to
what they most needed�察�he replied�察 �Tractors。;
´ Page 84´
RUSSIA IN 1919
FOREIGN TRADE AND
MUNITIONS OF WAR
February 25th。
I had a talk in the Metropole with Krasin�察 �who is Commissar for
Trade and Industry and also President of the Committee for Supplying the
Needs of the Army。 He had disapproved of the November Revolution�察�
but last year�察�when things looked like going badly�察�he came to Russia from
Stockholm feeling that he could not do otherwise than help。 He is an
elderly man�察�an engineer�察�and very much of a European。 We talked first of
the Russian plans with regard to foreign trade。 All foreign trade�察�he said�察�
is now concentrated in the hands of the State�察�which is therefore able to
deal as a single customer。 I asked how that would apply to purchase�察�and
whether they expected that countries dealing with them would organize
committees through which the whole Russian trade of each such country
should similarly pass。 Krasin said�察 �Of course that would be preferable�察�
but only in the case of socialist countries。 As things are now it would be
very much to our disadvantage。 It is better for us to deal with individual
capitalists than with a ring。 The formation of a committee in England�察�
for example�察�with a monopoly of trade with Russia�察�would have the effect
of raising prices against us�察�since we could no longer go from a dear shop
to a cheaper one。 Besides�察�as socialists we naturally wish to do nothing
to help in the trustification of English manufacturers。;
He recognized that foreign trade on any large scale was impossible
until their transport had been improved。 Russia proposed to do her
paying in raw material�察�in flax�察�timber�察�etc。�察�in materials of which she had
great quantities although she could not bring them to the ports until her
transport should be restored。 It would�察 �therefore�察 �be in the foreigner's
own interests to help them in this matter。 He added that they were
confident that in the long run they could�察 �without foreign help�察 �so far
restore their