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russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及21何蛍

弌傍�� russia in 1919(1919議躯忽) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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confident   that   in   the   long   run   they   could�察  �without   foreign   help�察  �so   far 

restore   their   transport   as   to   save   themselves   from   starvation�察  �but   for   a 

speedy return to normal conditions foreign help was essential。 


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                                      RUSSIA IN 1919 



       The other question we touched was that of munitions。              I expressed 

some surprise that they should be able to do so well although cut off from 

the west。    Krasin said that as far as that was concerned they had ample 

munitions for a long fight。       Heavy artillery is not much use for the kind 

of warfare waged   in Russia�察  �and as for   light artillery�察 �they  were   making 

and mending their own。         They were not bothering with three´inch shells 

because they had found that the old regime had left scattered about Russia 

supplies     of  three´inch    shells  sufficient   to  last  them    several   years。 

Dynamite       also   they    had    in   enormous      quantities。     They     were 

manufacturing       gunpowder。      The    cartridge    output   had   trebled   since 

August when Krasin's committee was formed。              He thought even as things 

were they could certainly fight for a year。 


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



       THE PROPOSED DELEGATION 

                           FROM BERNE 



     I   do   not   remember   the   exact   date   when   the   proposal   of   the   Berne 

International      Conference     to  send   a  Commission       of  Enquiry   to    Russia 

became known in Moscow�察�but on February 20th everybody who came to 

see   me   was   talking   about   it�察  �and   from   that   date   the   question   as   to   the 

reception   of   the   delegates   was   the  most   urgently  debated   of   all   political 

subjects。      Chicherin      had   replied    immediately      to  Berne�察   �saying    that 

;though they did not consider the Berne Conference either socialist or in 

any   degree   representative   of   the   working´class   they   nevertheless   would 

permit   the   Commission's   journey   into   Russia�察  �and   would   give   it   every 

opportunity of becoming acquainted from all sides with the state of affairs�察�

just   as   they   would    any    bourgeois     commission      directly   or   indirectly 

connected   with any  of   the   bourgeois   governments�察 �even   with   those   then 

attacking Russia。; 

       It   may   well   be  imagined   that    a   reply   in   this   style   infuriated  the 

Mensheviks who consider themselves more or less affiliated to the parties 

represented at Berne。         What�察�they shrieked�察�Kautsky not a socialist�拭             �To 

which their opponents replied�察 �The Government which Kautsky supports 

keeps Radek in irons in a gaol。; But to me the most interesting thing to 

observe was that Chicherin's reply was scarcely more satisfactory to some 

of the Communists。          It had been sent off before any general consultation�察�

and it appeared that the Communists themselves were widely divided as to 

the   meaning   of   the   proposal。   One   party   believed   that   it   was   a   first   step 

towards agreement and peace。             The other thought it an ingenious ruse by 

Clemenceau to get ;so´called; socialist condemnation of the Bolsheviks as 

a basis for allied intervention。        Both parties were�察�of course�察�wrong in so 

far   as   they   thought   the Allied   Governments   had   anything   to   do   with   it。 

Both   the   French   and   English   delegates   were   refused   passports。         This�察�

however�察�was not known in Moscow until after I left�察�and by then much 

had     happened。       I   think   the   Conference      which     founded     the   Third 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



International in Moscow had its origin in a desire to counter any ill effects 

that might result from the expected visit of the people of Berne。 

       Litvinov   said   he   considered   the   sending   of   the   Commission   from 

Berne the most dangerous weapon yet conceived by their opponents。                         He 

complained   that   he   had   been   unable   to   get   either   Lenin   or   Chicherin   to 

realize    that   this   delegation     was    a  preparation      for  hostilities�察  �not   a 

preparation for peace。 ;You do not understand that since the beginning of 

the war there has been a violent struggle between two Internationals�察�one 

of which does not believe in revolution while the other does。                   In this case 

a group of men already committed to condemn the revolution are coming 

to pass judgment on it。 If they were not to condemn the revolution they 

would      be   condemning       themselves。       Chicherin      ought    to   have   put   a 

condition that a delegation of Left Socialists should also come。                     But he 

replied within an hour of getting the telegram from Berne。                    These idiots 

here   think   the   delegation   is   coming   to   seek   a   ground   for   peace。   It   is 

nothing     of   the  sort。   It   is  bound    to  condemn      us�察 �and   the   Bourgeois 

Governments will know how to profit by the criticism�察�however mild�察�that 

is signed by men who still retain authority as socialists。                 Henderson�察�for 

example   ��Henderson   was   at   first   named   as   one   of   the   delegates�察  �later 

replaced by MacDonald���察�will judge simply by whether people are hungry 

or   not。   He    will   not   allow   for  reasons    which   are    not   in  our  control。 

Kautsky   is     less  dangerous�察    �because�察    �after  all�察 �he  will   look   below    the 

obvious。; Reinstein remembered the old personal hostility between Lenin 

and Kautsky�察�whom Lenin�察�in a book which Reinstein thought unworthy of 

him�察�had roundly denounced as a renegade and traitor。                    The only man in 

the delegation who could be counted on for an honest effort to understand 

was Longuet。 

       As   the   days   went   on�察  �it   became   clear   that   the   expected   visit   had 

provided   a   new   bone   of   contention   between   the   Russian   parties。         The 

Communists   decided   that   the   delegates   should   not   be   treated   with   any 

particular honour in the way of a reception。              The Mensheviks at once set 

about   preparing   a   triumphal   reception   on   a   large   scale   for   the   people 

whom they described as the representatives of genuine socialism。 Demian 

Biedny retorted in an extremely amusing poetic dialogue�察�representing the 


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                                       RUSSIA IN 1919 



Mensheviks   rehearsing   their   parts   to   be   ready   for   the   reception。 Other 

Communists went to work to prepare a retort of a different kind。                    They 

arranged a house for the Berne delegates to live in�察�but at the same time 

they prepared to emphasize the difference between the two Internationals 

by    the  calling  of   an  anti´Berne    conference     which    should   disclaim    all 

connection with that old International which they considered had gone into 

political bankruptcy at the outbreak of the European war。 


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



      THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 

             ON THE RIVAL PARTIES 



     February 26th。 

       In the afternoon I got to the Executive Committee in time to hear the 

end   of   a   report   by   Rykov   on   the   economic   position。   He   said   there   was 

hope for a satisfactory conclusion to the negotiations for the building of 

the    Obi´Kotlas railway�察�and hoped that this would soon be followed by 

similar negotiations and by other concessions。              He explained that they did 

not want capitalism in Russia but that they did want the things that capital 

could give them in exchange for what they could give capital。                   This was�察�

of course�察�referring to the opposition criticism that the Soviet was prepared 

to   sell   Russia    into  the   hands    of   the  ;Anglo´American         Imperialistic 

bandits。; Rykov said that the main condition of all concessions would be 

that    they   should    not   effect  the   international    structure    of  the   Soviet 

Republic   and   should   not   lead   to   the   exploitation   of   the   workmen。   They 

wanted   railways�察  �locomotives�察  �and   machines�察  �and   their   country  was   rich 

enough to pay for these things out of its natural resources without sensible 

loss to the state or the yielding of an inch in their programme of internal 

reconstruction。 

       He   was   followed   by   Krestinsky�察  �who   pointed   out   that   whereas   the 

commissariats were�察�in a sense�察�altered forms of the old ministries�察�links 

with    the   past�察 �the  Council     of  Public   Economy�察     �organizing     the  whole 

production and distribution of the country�察�building the new socialist state�察�

was an entirely new organ and a link�察�not with the past�察�but with the future。 

       The two next speeches illustrated one of the main difficulties of the 

revolution。      Krasin    ��see   p。  153��   criticized   the  council    for  insufficient 

confidence      in  the   security   of  the   revolution。    He   said   they   were   still 

hampered   by   fears   lest   here   or   there   capitalism   should   creep   in   again。 

They     were    unnecessarily      afraid   to  make    the   fullest  possible    use   of 

specialists of all kinds who had taken a leading part in industry under the 

old regime   and   who�察 �now  that   the   old   regime�察 �the   old system�察 �had   been 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



definitely   broken�察  �could   

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