the higher learning in america-第38部分

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of　the　views　arrived　at。　Some　slight　play　of　hazardous　phrases



about　the　fringe　of　the　institutional　fabric　may　be　tolerated　by



the　popular　taste；　as　an　element　of　spice；　and　as　indicating　a



generous　and　unbiassed　mind；　but　in　such　cases　the　conclusive



test　of　scientific　competency　and　leadership；　in　the　popular



apprehension；　is　a　serene　and　magniloquent　return　to　the　orthodox



commonplaces；　after　all　such　playful　excursions。　In　fact；



substantially　nothing　but　homiletics　and　woolgathering　will　pass



popular　muster　as　science　in　this　connection。



　　　　So　it　comes　about　that　the　men　who　are　by　common　notoriety



held　to　be　the　leaders　in　this　field　of　learning；　and　who



therefore　are　likely　to　be　thrown　up　by　official　preferment；　are



such　as　enlarge　on　the　commonplace　and　aphoristic　wisdom　of　the



laity。　Not　that　the　official　sanction　falls　unfailingly　on　the



paragons　of　mediocrity；　there　are　many　and　illustrious



exceptions；　a　fair　proportion　of　whom　would　be　illustrious　even



without　the　official　sanction；　and　in　this　connection　it　is　in



place　to　recall　that　business　principles　have　not　hitherto　held



undivided　and　sovereign　dominion　in　this　province；　and　that　there



is　even　reason　to　believe　that　they　are　not　yet　coming　fully　into



their　own。



　　　　These　putative　leaders　of　science　referred　to　are；　in　the



common　run　of　cases；　not　men　with　whom　the　science　will　have　to



count；　but　by　virtue　of　their　eligibility　as　academic　spokesmen



of　the　science；　they　are　men　with　whom　their　contemporaries　in



the　science　will　have　to　count。　As　is　shown　by　the　experience　of



the　past；　they　are　likely　to　be　well　forgotten　by　the　generation



that　follows　them；　but　they　are；　perforce；　equally　well



remembered　by　their　contemporaries。　It　is　not　the　long…term



serviceability　of　these　official　scientists　that　counts　toward



their　availability　for　academic　leadership；　but　their　popular



prestige。　They　may　not　be　such　leaders　as　the　science　needs；　but



they　are　such　exponents　of　opinion　as　are　believed　to　commend



themselves　to　the　tastes　of　the　well…to…do　laity。　A　citation　of



instances　would　seem　invidious；　nor；　presumably；　is　it　called



for。　The　anecdotal　history　of　contemporary　events　is　particularly



full　at　this　juncture；　while　to　outsiders　who　are　not　in　a



position　to　appreciate　either　the　urgency　or　the　subtlety　of　the



motives　of　academic　expediency　in　this　bearing；　a　recital　of



illustrative　instances　might　seem　either　libellous　or　farcical。



The　exigencies　of　competitive　academic　enterprise；　especially　in



its　relation　to　the　maintenance　and　increase　of　endowment；　place



the　executive　in　a　very　delicate　position　in　this　matter　and



leave　little　room　for　squeamish　deliberation。



　　　　At　the　risk　of　tedium；　it　is　necessary　to　push　the　analysis



of　businesslike　motives　and　their　bearing　a　step　farther　at　this



point。　It　is　not　simply　the　vulgar；　commonplace　convictions　of



the　populace　that　must　receive　consideration　in　this　field　of　the



moral　and　social　sciences；　　including　such　matters　as　religion；



sociology；　economics；　and　political　science；　so…called。　What　is



especially　to　be　conciliated　by　the　official　scientists　is　the



current　range　of　convictions　on　all　these　heads　among　those



well…to…do　classes　from　whom　the　institution　hopes　to　draw



contributions　to　its　endowment；　on　the　one　hand；　and　the　more



reputable　part　of　its　undergraduate　client鑜e；　on　the　other　hand。



Which　comes；　broadly；　to　saying　that　a　jealous　eye　must　be　had　to



the　views　and　prepossessions　prevalent　among　the　respectable；



conservative　middle　class；　with　a　particular　regard　to　that　more



select　body　of　substantial　citizens　who　have　the　disposal　of



accumulated　wealth。　This　select　and　substantial　element　are　on



the　whole　more　conservative；　more　old…fashioned　in　their　views　of



what　is　right；　good　and　true；　and　hold　their　views　on　more



archaic　grounds　of　conviction；　than　the　generality　of　the　vulgar。



And　within　this　conservative　body；　again；　it　is　the　elderly



representatives　of　the　old　order　that　are　chiefly　to　be



considered；　　since　it　is　the　honourable　custom　among　men　of



large　means　not　to　give　largely　to　institutions　of　learning　until



late　in　life。



　　　　It　is　to　be　accounted　one　of　the　meritorious　customs　of　the



greater　businessmen　that；　one　with　another；　they　eventually



convert　a　share　of　their　takings　to　the　installation　of　schools



and　similar　establishments　designed　to　serve　and　to　conserve　the



amenities　of　civilized　life。　Usually　it　is　in　later　life；　or　as



an　act　of　leave…taking；　that　this　munificence　is　exercised。



Usually；　too；　the　great　men　who　put　forth　this　large　munificence



do　not　hamper　their　bounty　with　many　restrictions　on　the



character　of　the　enlightenment　which　it　is　to　serve。　Indeed；



there　is　in　this　respect　a　certain　large　modesty　and　continence



customarily　associated　with　the　large　donations。　But　like　other



men　of　force　and　thoughtfulness；　the　large　and　elderly



businessmen　have　well…assured　convictions　and　preferences；　and　as



is　the　case　with　other　men　of　the　passing　generation；　so　with　the



superannuated　businessmen；　their　convictions　and　preferences　fall



out　on　the　side　of　the　old　order　rather　than　contrariwise。　A　wise



academic　policy；　conducted　by　an　executive　looking　to　the　fiscal



interests　of　the　university；　will　aim　not　to　alienate　the



affections　of　the　large　businessmen　of　a　ripe　age；　by　harbouring



specialists　whose　inquires　are　likely　to　traverse　these



old…settled　convictions　in　the　social；　economic；　political；　or



religious　domain。　It　is　bad　business　policy　to　create　unnecessary



annoyance。　So　it　comes　about　that　the　habitual　munificence　of　the



captains　of　industry　who　have　reached　their　term　will　have　grave



consequences　for　that　range　of　academic　science　that　is　occupied



with　matters　on　which　they　hold　convictions。（3*）



　　　　There　results　a　genial　endeavour　to　keep　step　with　the



moribund　captains　of　industry　and　the　relics　of　the　wealthy　dead。



Remotely　by　force　of　a　worldly…wise　appointing　power；　proximately



by　force　of　the　good　taste　and　sober　sense　of　well…chosen



incumbents；　something　of　filial　piety　comes　to　pervade　the



academic　handling　of　those　institutional　phenomena　that　touch　the



sentiments　of　the　passing　generation。　Hence　it　comes　that　current



academic　work　in　the　province　of　the　social；　political；　and



economic　sciences；　as　well　as　in　the　sciences　that　touch　the



religious　interest；　has　a　larger　reputation　for　assurance　and



dignity　than　for　an　incisive　canvassing　of　the　available



material。



　　　　Critics　of　the　latterday　university　policies　have　from　time



to　time　called　attention　to　an　apparent　reluctance　on　the　part　of



these　academic　scientists　to　encounter　present…day　facts



hand…to…hand；　or　to　trace　out　the　causes　to　which　current



conditions　are　due。　Distempered　critics　have　even　alleged　that



the　academic　leaders　in　the　social　sciences　are　held　under　some



constraint；　as　being；　in　some　sort；　in　the　pay　of　the　well…to…do



conservative　element；　that　they　are　thereby　incapacitated　from



following　up　any　inquiry　to　its　logical　conclusion；　in　case　the



conclusion　might　appear　to　traverse　the　interest　or　the　opinions



of　those　on　whom　these　leaders　are　in　this　way　pecuniarily



dependent。



　　　　Now；　it　may　be　conceded　without　violence　to　notorious　facts；



that　these　official　leaders　of　science　do　commonly　reach



conclusions　innocuous　to　the　existing　law　and　order；　particularly



with　respect　to　religion；　ownership；　and　the　distribution　of



wealth。　But　this　need　imply　no　constraint；　nor　even　any　peculiar



degree　of　tact；　much　less　a　moral　obliquity。　It　may　confidently



be　asserted；　without　fear　of　contradiction　from　their　side；　that



the　official　leaders　in　this　province　of　academic　research　and



indoctrination　are；　commonly；　in　no　way　hindered　from　pushing



their　researches　with　full　freedom　and　to　the　limit　of　their



capacity；　and　that　they　are　likewise　free　to　give　the　fullest



expression　to　any　conclusions　or　convictions　to　which　their



inquiries　may　carry　them。　That　they　are　able　to　do　so　is　a



fortunate　circumstance；　due　to　the　fact　that　their　intellectual



horizon　is　bounded　by　the　same　limits　of　commonplace　insight　and



preconceptions　as　are　the　prevailing　opinions　of　the　conservative



middle　class。　That　is　to　say；　a　large　and　aggressive　mediocrity



is　the　prime　qualification　for　a　leader　of　science　in　these



lines；　if　his　leadership　is　to　gain　academic　authentication。



　　　　All　this　may　seem　too　much　like　loose　generality。　With　a　view



to　such　precision　as　the　case　admits；　it　may　be　remarked　that



this　province　of　academic　science　as　habitually　pursued；　is



commonly　occupied　with　questions　of　what　ought　to　be　done；　rather



than　with　theories　of　the　genesis　and　causation　of　the



present…day　state　of　things；　or　with　questions　as　to　what　the



present…day　drift　of　things　may　be；　as　determined　by　the　causes



at　work。　As　it　does　in　popular　speculation；　so　also　in　this



academic　quasi…science；　the　interest　centres　on　what　ought　to　be



done　to　improve　conditions　and　to　conserve　those　usages　and



conventions　that　have　by　habit　been　imbedded　in　the　received



scheme　of　use　and　wont；　and　so　have　come　to　be　found　good　and



right。　It　is　of　the　essence　of　popular　speculations　on　this　range



of　topics　that　they　are　focussed　on　questions　of　use；　that　they



are　of　a　teleological　order；　that　they　look　to　the　expedienc