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of　topics　that　they　are　focussed　on　questions　of　use；　that　they



are　of　a　teleological　order；　that　they　look　to　the　expediency　of



the　observed　facts　and　to　their　exploitation；　rather　than　to　a



scientific　explanation　of　them。　This　attitude；　of　course；　is　the



attitude　of　expediency　and　homiletics；　not　of　scientific　inquiry。



　　　　A　single　illustrative　instance　of　the　prevalence　of　this



animus　in　the　academic　social　sciences　may　be　in　place。　It　is



usual　among　economists；　e。g。；　to　make　much　of　the　proposition



that　economics　is　an　〃art〃　　the　art　of　expedient　management　of



the　material　means　of　life；　and　further　that　the　justification　of



economic　theory　lies　in　its　serviceability　in　this　respect。　Such



a　quasi…science　necessarily　takes　the　current　situation　for



granted　as　a　permanent　state　of　things；　to　be　corrected　and



brought　back　into　its　normal　routine　in　case　of　aberration；　and



to　be　safeguarded　with　apologetic　defence　at　points　where　it　is



not　working　to　the　satisfaction　of　all　parties。　It　is　a　〃science〃



of　complaisant　interpretations；　apologies；　and　projected



remedies。



　　　　The　academic　leaders　in　such　a　quasi…science　should　be　gifted



with　the　aspirations　and　limitations　that　so　show　up　in　its



pursuit。　Their　fitness　in　respect　of　this　conformity　to　the　known



middle…class　animus　and　apprehension　of　truth　may；　as　it



expediently　should；　be　considered　when　their　selection　for



academic　office　and　rank　is　under　advisement；　but；　provided　the



choice　be　a　wise　one；　there　need　be　no　shadow　of　constraint



during　their　incumbency。　The　incumbent　should　be　endowed　with　a



large　capacity　for　work；　particularly　for　〃administrative〃　work；



with　a　lively　and　enduring　interest　in　the　〃practical〃　questions



that　fall　within　his　academic　jurisdiction；　and　with　a　shrewd



sense　of　the　fundamental　rightness　of　the　existing　order　of



things；　social；　economic；　political；　and　religious。　So；　by　and



large；　it　will　be　found　that　these　accredited　leaders　of



scientific　inquiry　are　fortunate　enough　not　narrowly　to



scrutinize；　or　to　seek　particular　explanation　of；　those



institutional　facts　which　the　conservative　common　sense　of　the



elderly　businessman　accepts　as　good　and　final；　and　since　their



field　of　inquiry　is　precisely　this　range　of　institutional　facts；



the　consequence　is　that　their　leadership　in　the　science　conduces



more　to　the　stability　of　opinions　than　to　the　advancement　of



knowledge。



　　　　The　result　is　by　no　means　that　nothing　is　accomplished　in



this　field　of　science　under　this　leadership　of　forceful



mediocrity；　but　only　that；　in　so　far　as　this　leadership　decides；



the　work　done　lies　on　this　level　of　mediocrity。　Indeed；　the



volume　of　work　done　is　large　and　of　substantial　value；　but　it



runs　chiefly　on　compilation　of　details　and　on　the　scrutiny　and



interpretation　of　these　details　with　a　view　to　their　conformity



with　the　approved　generalizations　of　the　day　before　yesterday；　



generalizations　that　had　time　to　grow　into　aphoristic



commonplaces　at　a　date　before　the　passing　generation　of



businessmen　attained　their　majority。



　　　　What　has　just　been　said　of　this　academic　leadership　in　the



social　sciences；　of　course；　applies　only　with　due　qualification。



It　applies　only　in　so　far　as　the　principles　of　competitive



enterprise　control　the　selection　of　the　personnel；　and　even　then



only　with　exceptions。　There　is　no　intention　to　depreciate　the



work　of　those　many　eminent　scholars；　of　scientific　animus　and



intellectual　grasp；　whose　endeavours　are　given　to　this　range　of



inquiry。　Its　application；　indeed；　is　intended　to　reach　no　farther



than　may　serve　to　cover　the　somewhat　tactful　and　quietistic



attitude　of　the　moral　sciences　in　the　universities。　As　they　are



cultivated　in　the　great　seminaries　of　learning；　these　sciences



are　commonly　of　a　somewhat　more　archaic　complexion　than　the



contemporary　material　sciences；　they　are　less　iconoclastic；　have



a　greater　regard　for　prescriptive　authority　and　authenticity；　are



more　given　to　rest　their　inquiry　on　grounds　of　expediency；　as



contrasted　with　grounds　of　cause　and　effect。　They　are　content　to



conclude　that　such　and　such　events　are　expedient　or　inexpedient；



quite　as　often　and　as　easily　as　that　such　are　the　causes　or　the



genetic　sequence　of　the　phenomena　under　discussion。　In　short；



under　this　official　leadership　these　sciences　will　have　an



attitude　toward　their　subject　of　inquiry　resembling　that　taken　by



the　material　sciences　something　like　a　century　ago。



　　　　To　the　credit　of　this　academic　leadership　in　the　social



sciences；　then；　it　should　be　said　that　both　the　leaders　and　their



disciples　apply　themselves　with　admirable　spirit　to　these



inquiries　into　the　proper；　expedient；　and　normal　course　of



events；　and　that　the　conclusions　arrived　at　also　shed　much



salutary　light　on　what　is　proper；　expedient；　and　normal　in　these



premises。　Inquiries　carried　on　in　this　spirit　in　the　field　of



human　institutions　belong；　of　course；　in　the　category　of　worldly



wisdom　rather　than　of　science。　〃Practical〃　questions　occupy　these



scientists　in　great　part；　and　practical；　or　utilitarian；



considerations　guide　the　course　of　the　inquiry　and　shape　the



system　of　generalizations　in　these　sciences；　to　a　much　greater



extent　than　in　the　material　sciences　with　which　they　are　here



contrasted。　An　alert　sense　of　the　practical　value　of　their



inquiries　and　their　teaching　is　one　of　the　chief　requisites　for



official　recognition　in　the　scientists　who　occupy　themselves　with



these　matters；　and　it　is　one　of　the　chief　characteristics　of



their　work。　So　that；　in　so　far　as　it　all　conforms　to　the



principles　of　competitive　business；　the　line　of　demarcation



between　worldly　wisdom　and　theoretical　validity　becomes



peculiarly　indistinct　in　this　province　of　science。　And；　it　may　be



remarked　by　the　way；　the　influence　of　this　academic　science；　both



in　its　discipline　and　in　its　tenets；　appears　to　be　wholly



salutary；　it　conduces；　on　the　whole；　to　a　safe　and　sane；　if　not



an　enthusiastic；　acceptance　of　things　as　they　are；　without　undue



curiosity　as　to　why　they　are　such。



　　　　What　has　here　been　said　of　the　place　and　use　of　the　scientist



under　the　current　r間ime　of　competitive　enterprise　describes　what



should　follow　from　the　unrestrained　dominion　of　business



principles　in　academic　policy；　rather　than　what　has　actually　been



accomplished　in　any　concrete　case；　it　presents　an　ideal　situation



rather　than　a　relation　of　events；　though　without　losing　touch



with　current　facts　at　any　point。　The　run　of　the　facts　is；　in



effect；　a　compromise　between　the　scholar's　ideals　and　those　of



business；　in　such　a　way　that　the　ideals　of　scholarship　are



yielding　ground；　in　an　uncertain　and　varying　degree；　before　the



pressure　of　businesslike　exigencies。







NOTES：







1。　Cf。　also　J。　J。　Chapman；　paper　on　〃Professional　Ethics；〃　in



University　Control；　as　above；　for　an　estimate　of　the　inefficiency



of　academic　opinion　as　a　corrective　of　the　executive　power　on　his



head。







2。　〃The　lambs　play　always；　they　know　no　better；　They　are　only　one



times　one。〃







3。　〃He　was　a　trusted　and　efficient　employee　of　an　institution



made　possible　and　maintained　by　men　of　great　wealth；　men　who　not



only　live　on　the　interest　of　their　money；　but　who　expend　millions



in　the　endowment　of　colleges　and　universities　in　which



enthusiastic　young　educators。。。　find　lucrative　and　honourable



employment。〃　　Editorial　on　the　dismissal　of　Dr。　Nearing；　in　the



Minneapolis　Journal；　August　II；　1915。







CHAPTER　VII







Vocational　Training







　　　　In　this　latterday　academic　enterprise；　that　looks　so　shrewdly



to　practical　expediency；　〃vocational　training〃　has；　quite　as　a



matter　of　course；　become　a　conspicuous　feature。　The　adjective　is



a　new　one；　installed　expressly　to　designate　this　line　of



endeavour；　in　the　jargon　of　the　educators；　and　it　carries　a　note



of　euphemism。　〃Vocational　training〃　is　training　for　proficiency



in　some　gainful　occupation；　and　it　has　no　connection　with　the



higher　learning；　beyond　that　juxtaposition　given　it　by　the



inclusion　of　vocational　schools　in　the　same　corporation　with　the



university；　and　its　spokesmen　in　the　university　establishments



accordingly　take　an　apologetically　aggressive　attitude　in



advocating　its　claims。　Educational　enterprise　of　this　kind　has；



somewhat　incontinently；　extended　the　scope　of　the　corporation　of



learning　by　creating；　〃annexing；〃　or　〃affiliating〃　many



establishments　that　properly　lie　outside　the　academic　field　and



deal　with　matters　foreign　to　the　academic　interest；　　fitting



schools；　high…schools；　technological；　manual　and　other　training



schools　for　mechanical；　engineering　and　other　industrial



pursuits；　professional　schools　of　divers　kinds；　music　schools；



art　schools；　summer　schools；　schools　of　〃domestic　science；〃



〃domestic　economy；〃　〃home　economics〃；　（in　short；　housekeeping）；



schools　for　the　special　training　of　secondary…school　teachers；



and　even　schools　that　are　avowedly　of　primary　grade；　while　a



variety　of　〃university　extension〃　bureaux　have　also　been



installed；　to　comfort　and　edify　the　unlearned　with　lyceum



lectures；　to　dispense　erudition　by　mail…order；　and　to　maintain



some　putative　contact　with　amateur　scholars　and　dilettanti　beyond



the　pale。



　　　　On　its　face；　this　enterprise　in　assorted　education　simulates



the　precedents　given　by　the　larger　modern　business　coali