science of logic-第42部分

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the　previously　developed　objective　totality；　the　absolutely　determined　identity　of　the　system。

The　objective　being…in…and…for…self　appears　therefore　more　specifically　in　its　totality　as　the
negative　unity　of　the　centre；　which　divides　itself　into　subjective　individuality　and　external
objectivity；　maintains　the　former　in　the　latter　and　determines　it　in　an　ideal　difference。　This
self…determining　unity　that　absolutely　reduces　external　objectivity　to　ideality　is　the　principle　of
self…movement　the　determinateness　of　this　animating　principle；　which　is　the　difference　of　the
Notion　itself；　is　law。　Dead　mechanism　was　the　mechanical　process　considered　above　of　objects
that　appeared　immediately　as　self…subsistent　but　which　for　that　very　reason　are；　in　truth；　not
self…subsistent　and　have　their　centre　outside　themselves；　this　process；　which　passes　over　into　rest；
exhibits　either　contingency　and　indeterminate　dissimilarity　or　formal　uniformity。　This　uniformity　is
indeed　a　rule；　but　not　a　law。　Only　free　mechanism　has　a　law；　the　spontaneous　determination　of
pure　individuality　or　of　the　explicated　Notion；　as　difference；　it　is　in　its　own　self　the　imperishable
source　of　self…kindling　movement；　and　since　in　the　ideality　of　its　difference　it　relates　itself　to　itself
alone；　it　is　free　necessity。

（c）　Transition　of　Mechanism

This　soul；　however；　is　still　submerged　in　its　body：　the　Notion　of　the　objective　totality；　determinate
now　but　inner；　is　free　necessity　—　the　law　has　not　yet　confronted　its　object；　it　is　the　concrete
centrality　as　universality　immediately　expanded　into　its　objectivity。　This　ideality；　therefore；　has　not
the　objects　themselves　for　its　determinate　difference；　these　are　self…subsistent　individuals　of　the
totality；　or　also；　if　we　look　back　to　the　formal　stage；　non…individual；　external　objects。　Law　is
indeed　immanent　in　them　and　constitutes　their　nature　and　power；　but　its　difference　is　confined
within　its　ideality；　and　the　objects　are　not　themselves　differentiated　into　the　ideal　difference　of　the
law。　But　it　is　solely　in　the　ideal　centrality　and　its　laws　that　the　object　possesses　its　essential
self…subsistence；　it　is　therefore　powerless　to　resist　the　judgment　of　the　Notion　and　to　maintain　itself
in　abstract；　indeterminate　self…subsistence　and　aloofness。

By　virtue　of　the　ideal　difference　immanent　in　it；　its　existence　is　a　determinateness　posited　by　the
Notion。　Its　lack　of　self…subsistence　is　in　this　way　no　longer　merely　a　striving　towards　the　centre；
as　against　which；　just　because　its　relation　to　it　is　only　a　striving；　it　still　has　the　appearance　of　a
self…subsistent　external　object；　on　the　contrary；　it　is　a　striving　towards　the　object　specifically
opposed　to　it；　and　similarly　the　centre　itself　has　in　consequence　fallen　asunder　and　its　negative
unity　passed　has　over　into　objectified　opposition。　Centrality　is；　therefore；　now　a　relation　of　these
reciprocally　negative　objectivities　in　a　state　of　mutual　tension。　Thus　free　mechanism　determines
itself　into　chemism。

Chapter　2　Chemism

Chemism　constitutes　in　objectivity　as　a　whole；　the　moment　of　judgment；　of　the　difference　that　has
become　objective；　and　of　the　process。　Since　it　already　begins　with　determinateness　and
positedness　and　the　chemical　object　is　at　the　same　time　an　objective　totality；　its　immediate　course
is　simple　and　is　completely　determined　by　its　presupposition。

A。　THE　CHEMICAL　OBJECT

The　chemical　object　is　distinguished　from　the　mechanical　by　the　fact　that　the　latter　is　a　totality
indifferent　to　determinateness；　whereas　in　the　case　of　the　chemical　object　the　determinateness；
and　consequently　the　relation　to　other　and　the　kind　and　manner　of　this　relation；　belong　to　its
nature。　This　determinateness　is　at　the　same　time　essentially　a　particularisation；　that　is；　it　is　taken
up　into　universality；　thus　it　is　a　principle　—　universal　determinateness；　the　determinateness　not
only　of　the　one　individual　object　but　also　of　the　other。　In　the　chemical　object；　therefore；　we　now
have　the　distinction　between　its　Notion　as　the　inner　totality　of　the　two　determinatenesses；　and　the
determinateness　that　constitutes　the　nature　of　the　individual　object　in　its　externality　and　concrete
existence。　Since　in　this　way　it　is　in　itself　or　implicitly　the　whole　Notion；　it　has　in　its　own　self　the
necessity　and　the　urge　to　sublate　its　opposed；　one　sided　—　existence　and　to　give　itself　an
existence　as　that　real　whole　that　according　to　its　Notion　it　is。

With　regard　to　the　expression　chemism　for　the　relation　of　the　difference　of　objectivity　as　it　has
presented　itself；　it　may　be　further　remarked　that　the　expression　must　not　be　understood　here　as
though　this　relation　only　exhibited　itself　in　that　form　of　elemental　nature　to　which　the　name　chemism
so　called　is　strictly　applied。　Even　the　meteorological　relation　must　be　regarded　as　a　process　whose
parts　have　the　nature　more　of　physical　than　chemical　elements。　In　the　animate　world；　the　sex
relation　comes　under　this　schema　and　it　also　constitutes　the　formal　basis　for　the　spiritual　relations
of　love；　friendship；　and　the　like。

Examined　more　closely　the　chemical　object；　as　a　self…subsistent　totality　in　general；　is　in　the　first
instance　an　object　that　is　reflected　into　itself　and　to　that　extent　is　distinct　from　its　reflectedness
outwards　—　an　indifferent　base；　the　individual　not　yet　specified　as　different；　the　person；　too；　is
such　a　base　related　at　first　only　to　itself。　But　the　immanent　determinateness　which　constitutes　its
difference；　is　first　reflected　into　itself　in　such　a　manner　that　this　retraction　of　the　relation　outwards
is　only　formal　abstract　universality；　thus　the　relation　outwards　is　the　determination　of　its　immediacy
and　concrete　existence。　From　this　aspect；　it　does　not　in　its　own　self　return　into　the　individual
totality；　and　the　negative　unity　has　the　two　moments　of　its　opposition　in　two　particular　objects。
Accordingly；　a　chemical　object　is　not　comprehensible　from　itself　alone；　and　the　being　of　one　is　the
being　of　the　other。　But　secondly；　the　determinateness　is　absolutely　reflected　into　itself　and　is　the
concrete　moment　of　the　individual　Notion　of　the　whole；　which　Notion　is　the　universal　essence；　the
real　genus　of　the　particular　object。　The　chemical　object；　which　is　thus　the　contradiction　of　its
immediate　positedness　and　its　immanent　individual　Notion；　is　a　striving　to　sublate　the
determinateness　of　its　existence　and　to　give　concrete　existence　to　the　objective　totality　of　the
Notion。　Therefore；　though　it　also　lacks　self…subsistence；　it　spontaneously　tenses　itself　against　this
deficiency　and　initiates　the　process　by　its　self…determining。

B。　THE　CHEMICAL　PROCESS

1。　It　begins　with　the　presupposition　that　the　objects　in　tension；　tensed　as　they　are　against
themselves；　are　in　the　first　instance　by　that　very　fact　just　as　much　tensed　against　one　another　—　a
relationship　that　is　called　their　affinity。　Since　each　through　its　Notion　stands　in　contradiction　to　the
one…sidedness　of　its　own　existence　and　consequently　strives　to　sublate　it；　there　is　immediately
posited　in　this　fact　the　striving　to　sublate　the　one…sidedness　of　the　other　object；　and　through　this
reciprocal　adjustment　and　combination　to　posit　a　reality　conformable　to　the　Notion；　which
contains　both　moments。

As　each　of　the　objects　is　posited　as　self…contradictory　and　self…sublating　in　its　own　self；　it　is　only
by　an　external　compulsion　＇Gewalt＇　that　they　are　held　apart　from　one　another　and　from　their
reciprocal　integration。　Now　the　middle　term　whereby　these　extremes　are　concluded　into　a　unity　is
first　the　implicit　nature　of　both；　the　whole　Notion　that　holds　both　within　itself。　Secondly；　however；
since　in　their　concrete　existence　they　stand　confronting　each　other；　their　absolute　unity　is　also　a　still
formal　element　having　an　existence　distinct　from　them　—　the　element　of　communication　in
which　they　enter　into　external　community　with　each　other。　Since　the　real　difference　belongs　to　the
extremes；　this　middle　term　is　only　the　abstract　neutrality；　the　real　possibility　of　those　extremes；　it　is；
as　it　were；　the　theoretical　element　of　the　concrete　existence　of　chemical　objects；　of　their　process
and　its　result。　In　the　material　world　water　fulfils　the　function　of　this　medium；　in　the　spiritual　world；
so　far　as　the　analogue　of　such　a　relation　has　a　place　there；　the　sign　in　general；　and　more　precisely
language；　is　to　be　regarded　as　fulfilling　that　function。

The　relationship　of　the　objects；　as　a　mere　communication　in　this　element；　is　on　the　one　hand　a
quiescent　coming…together；　but　on　the　other　hand　it　is　no　less　a　negative　bearing　of　each　to　the
other；　for　in　communication　the　concrete　Notion　which　is　their　nature　is　posited　as　a　reality；　with
the　result　that　the　real　differences　of　the　objects　are　reduced　to　its　unity。　Their　previous
self…subsistent　determinateness　is　thus　sublated　in　the　union　that　conforms　to　the　Notion；　which　is
one　and　the　same　in　both；　and　thereby　their　opposition　and　tension　are　weakened；　with　the　result
that　in　this　reciprocal　integration　the　striving　reaches　its　quiescent　neutrality。

The　process　is　in　this　way　extinguished；　the　contradiction　between　the　Notion　and　reality　being
resolved；　the　extremes　of　the　syllogism　have　lost　their　opposition　and　have　thus　ceased　to　be
extremes　both　against　each　other　and　against　the　middle　term。　The　product　is　neutral；　that　is；　a
product　in　which　the　ingredients；　which　can　no　longer　be　called　objects；　have　lost　their　tension　and
with　it　those　properties　which　belonged　to　them　as　tensed；　while　the　capability　of　their　former
self…subsistence　and　tension　is　preserved。　For　the　negative　unity　of　the　neutral　product　proceeds
from　a　presupposed　difference；　the　determinateness　of　the　chemical　object　is　identical　with　its
objectivity；　it　is　original。　Through　the　process　just　considered　this　difference　is　as　yet　only
immediately　sublated；　the　determinateness　is；　therefore；　as　yet　not　absolutely　reflected　into　itself；
and　consequently　the　product　of　the　process　is　only　a　formal　unity。

2。　Now　in　this　product；　the　tension　of　the　opposition　and　the　negative　unity；　as　activity　of　the
process；　are　indeed　extinct。　But　since　this　unity　is　essential　to　the　Notion　a