the athenian constitution-第3部分

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　who　hadst　been　slave　of　yore。　　　And　many　a　man　whom　fraud　or　law　had　sold　　　For　from　his　god…built　land；　an　outcast　slave；　　　I　brought　again　to　Athens；　yea；　and　some；　　　Exiles　from　home　through　debt's　oppressive　load；　　　Speaking　no　more　the　dear　ATHENIAN　tongue；　　　But　wandering　far　and　wide；　I　brought　again；　　　And　those　that　here　in　vilest　slavery　　　Crouched　'neath　a　master's　frown；　I　set　them　free。　　　Thus　might　and　right　were　yoked　in　harmony；　　　Since　by　the　force　of　law　I　won　my　ends　　　And　kept　my　promise。　Equal　laws　I　gave　　　To　evil　and　to　good；　with　even　hand　　　Drawing　straight　justice　for　the　lot　of　each。　　　But　had　another　held　the　goad　as　　　One　in　whose　heart　was　guile　and　greediness；　　　He　had　not　kept　the　people　back　from　strife。　　　For　had　I　granted；　now　what　pleased　the　one；　　　Then　what　their　foes　devised　in　counterpoise；　　　Of　many　a　man　this　state　had　been　bereft。　　　Therefore　I　showed　my　might　on　every　side；　　　Turning　at　bay　like　wolf　among　the　hounds。

　　And　again　he　reviles　both　parties　for　their　grumblings　in　the　times　that　followed：

　　Nay；　if　one　must　lay　blame　where　blame　is　due；　　　Wer't　not　for　me；　the　people　ne'er　had　set　　　Their　eyes　upon　these　blessings　e'en　in　dreams：…　　　While　greater　men；　the　men　of　wealthier　life；　　　Should　praise　me　and　should　court　me　as　their　friend。

For　had　any　other　man；　he　says；　received　this　exalted　post；

　　He　had　not　kept　the　people　hack；　nor　ceased　　　Til　he　had　robbed　the　richness　of　the　milk。　　　But　I　stood　forth　a　landmark　in　the　midst；　　　And　barred　the　foes　from　battle。

Part　13

　　Such　then；　were　Solon's　reasons　for　his　departure　from　the　country。　After　his　retirement　the　city　was　still　torn　by　divisions。　For　four　years；　indeed；　they　lived　in　peace；　but　in　the　fifth　year　after　Solon's　government　they　were　unable　to　elect　an　Archon　on　account　of　their　dissensions；　and　again　four　years　later　they　elected　no　Archon　for　the　same　reason。　Subsequently；　after　a　similar　period　had　elapsed；　Damasias　was　elected　Archon；　and　he　governed　for　two　years　and　two　months；　until　he　was　forcibly　expelled　from　his　office。　After　this；　it　was　agreed；　as　a　compromise；　to　elect　ten　Archons；　five　from　the　Eupatridae；　three　from　the　Agroeci；　and　two　from　the　Demiurgi；　and　they　ruled　for　the　year　following　Damasias。　It　is　clear　from　this　that　the　Archon　was　at　the　time　the　magistrate　who　possessed　the　greatest　power；　since　it　is　always　in　　connexion　with　this　office　that　conflicts　are　seen　to　arise。　But　altogether　　they　were　in　a　continual　state　of　internal　disorder。　Some　found　the　cause　and　justification　of　their　discontent　in　the　abolition　of　debts；　because　thereby　they　had　been　reduced　to　poverty；　others　were　dissatisfied　with　the　political　constitution；　because　it　had　undergone　a　revolutionary　change；　while　with　others　the　motive　was　found　in　personal　rivalries　among　themselves。　The　parties　at　this　time　were　three　in　number。　First　there　was　the　party　of　the　Shore；　led　by　Megacles　the　son　of　Alcmeon；　which　was　considered　to　aim　at　　a　moderate　form　of　government；　then　there　were　the　men　of　the　Plain；　who　desired　an　oligarchy　and　were　led　by　Lycurgus；　and　thirdly　there　were　the　men　of　the　Highlands；　at　the　head　of　whom　was　Pisistratus；　who　was　looked　on　as　an　extreme　democrat。　This　latter　party　was　reinforced　by　those　who　had　been　deprived　of　the　debts　due　to　them；　from　motives　of　poverty；　and　by　those　who　were　not　of　pure　descent；　from　motives　of　personal　apprehension。　A　proof　of　this　is　seen　in　the　fact　that　after　the　tyranny　was　overthrown　a　revision　was　made　of　the　citizen…roll；　on　the　ground　that　many　persons　were　　partaking　in　the　franchise　without　having　a　right　to　it。　The　names　given　to　the　respective　parties　were　derived　from　the　districts　in　which　they　held　their　lands。

Part　14

　　Pisistratus　had　the　reputation　of　being　an　extreme　democrat；　and　he　also　had　distinguished　himself　greatly　in　the　war　with　Megara。　Taking　advantage　of　this；　he　wounded　himself；　and　by　　representing　that　his　injuries　had　been　inflicted　on　him　by　his　political　rivals；　he　persuaded　the　people；　through　a　motion　proposed　by　Aristion；　to　grant　him　a　bodyguard。　After　he　had　got　these　'club…bearers'；　as　they　were　called；　he　made　an　attack　with　them　on　the　people　　and　seized　the　Acropolis。　This　happened　in　the　archonship　of　Comeas；　thirty…one　years　after　the　legislation　of　Solon。　It　is　related　that；　when　Pisistratus　asked　for　his　bodyguard；　Solon　opposed　the　request；　and　declared　that　in　so　doing　he　proved　himself　wiser　than　half　　the　people　and　braver　than　the　rest；…wiser　than　those　who　did　not　see　that　Pisistratus　designed　to　make　himself　tyrant；　and　braver　than　　those　who　saw　it　and　kept　silence。　But　when　all　his　words　availed　nothing　he　carried　forth　his　armour　and　set　it　up　in　front　of　his　house；　saying　that　he　had　helped　his　country　so　far　as　lay　in　his　power　（he　was　already　a　very　old　man）；　and　that　he　called　on　all　others　to　do　the　same。　Solon's　exhortations；　however；　proved　fruitless；　and　　Pisistratus　assumed　the　sovereignty。　His　administration　was　more　like　a　constitutional　government　than　the　rule　of　a　tyrant；　but　before　his　power　was　firmly　established；　the　adherents　of　Megacles　and　Lycurgus　made　a　coalition　and　drove　him　out。　This　took　place　in　the　archonship　of　Hegesias；　five　years　after　the　first　establishment　of　his　rule。　Eleven　years　later　Megacles；　being　in　difficulties　in　a　party　struggle；　again　opened…negotiations　with　Pisistratus；　proposing　that　the　latter　should　marry　his　daughter；　and　on　these　terms　he　brought　him　back　to　Athens；　by　a　very　primitive　and　simple…minded　device。　He　first　spread　abroad　a　rumour　that　Athena　was　bringing　back　Pisistratus；　and　then；　having　found　a　　woman　of　great　stature　and　beauty；　named　Phye　（according　to　Herodotus；　of　　the　deme　of　Paeania；　but　as　others　say　a　Thracian　flower…seller　of　the　deme　of　Collytus）；　he　dressed　her　in　a　garb　resembling　that　of　the　　goddess　and　brought　her　into　the　city　with　Pisistratus。　The　latter　drove　in　on　a　chariot　with　the　woman　beside　him；　and　the　inhabitants　of　the　city；　struck　with　awe；　received　him　with　adoration。

Part　15

　　In　this　manner　did　his　first　return　take　place。　He　did　　not；　however；　hold　his　power　long；　for　about　six　years　after　his　return　he　　was　again　expelled。　He　refused　to　treat　the　daughter　of　Megacles　as　his　wife；　and　being　afraid；　in　consequence；　of　a　combination　of　the　　two　opposing　parties；　he　retired　from　the　country。　First　he　led　a　colony　　to　a　place　called　Rhaicelus；　in　the　region　of　the　Thermaic　gulf；　and　thence　he　passed　to　the　country　in　the　neighbourhood　of　Mt。　Pangaeus。　Here　he　acquired　wealth　and　hired　mercenaries；　and　not　till　ten　years　had　elapsed　did　he　return　to　Eretria　and　make　an　attempt　to　recover　the　government　by　force。　In　this　he　had　the　assistance　of　many　allies；　notably　the　Thebans　and　Lygdamis　of　Naxos；　and　also　the　Knights　who　held　the　supreme　power　in　the　constitution　of　Eretria。　After　his　victory　in　the　battle　at　Pallene　he　captured　Athens；　and　when　he　had　disarmed　the　people　he　at　last　had　his　tyranny　securely　established；　and　was　able　to　take　Naxos　and　set　up　Lygdamis　as　ruler　there。　He　effected　the　disarmament　of　the　people　in　the　following　manner。　He　ordered　a　parade　in　full　armour　in　the　Theseum；　and　began　to　make　a　speech　to　the　people。　He　spoke　for　a　short　time；　until　the　people　called　out　that　they　could　not　hear　him；　whereupon　he　bade　them　come　up　to　the　entrance　of　the　Acropolis；　in　order　that　his　voice　might　be　better　heard。　Then；　while　he　continued　to　speak　to　them　at　great　length；　men　whom　he　had　appointed　for　the　purpose　collected　the　arms　and　locked　them　up　in　the　chambers　of　the　Theseum　hard　by；　and　came　and　made　a　signal　to　him　that　it　was　done。　Pisistratus　accordingly；　when　he　had　finished　the　rest　of　what　he　had　to　say；　told　the　people　also　what　had　happened　to　their　arms；　adding　that　they　were　not　to　be　surprised　or　alarmed；　but　go　home　and　attend　to　their　private　affairs；　while　he　would　himself　for　the　future　manage　all　　the　business　of　the　state。

Part　16

　　Such　was　the　origin　and　such　the　vicissitudes　of　the　tyranny　of　Pisistratus。　His　administration　was　temperate；　as　has　been　said　before；　and　more　like　constitutional　government　than　a　tyranny。　Not　only　was　he　in　every　respect　humane　and　mild　and　ready　to　forgive　those　who　offended；　but；　in　addition；　he　advanced　money　to　the　poorer　people　to　help　them　in　their　labours；　so　that　they　might　make　their　living　by　agriculture。　In　this　he　had　two　objects；　first　that　they　might　not　spend　their　time　in　the　city　but　might　be　scattered　over　all　the　face　of　the　country；　and　secondly　that；　being　moderately　well　off　and　occupied　with　their　own　business；　they　might　have　neither　the　wish　nor　the　time　to　attend　to　public　　affairs。　At　the　same　time　his　revenues　were　increased　by　the　thorough　cultivation　of　the　country；　since　he　imposed　a　tax　of　one　tenth　on　all　the　produce。　For　the　same　reasons　he　instituted　the　local　justices；'　and　　often　made　expeditions　in　person　into　the　country　to　inspect　it　and　to　settle　disputes　between　individuals；　that　they　might　not　come　into　the　city　and　neglect　their　farms。　It　was　in　one　of　these　progresses　that；　as　the　story　goes；　Pisistratus　had　his　adventure　with　the　man　of　Hymettus；　who　was　cultivating　the　spot　afterwards　known　as　'Tax…free　Farm'。　He　saw　a　man　digging　and　working　at　a　very　stony　piece　of　ground；　and　being　surprised　he　sent　his　attendant　to　ask　what　he　got　out　of　this　plot　of　land。　'Aches　and　pains'；　said　the　man；　　'and　that's　what　Pisistratus　ought　to　have　his　tenth　of'。　The　man　spoke　without　knowing　who　his　questioner　was；　but　Pisistratus　was　so　　leased　with　his　frank　speech　and　his　industry　that　he　granted　him　exemption　from　all　taxes。　And　so　in　matters　in　general　he　burdened　the　people　as　little　as　possible　with　his　government；　but　always　cultivated　peace　and　kept　them　in　all　quietness。　Hence　the　tyranny　of　Pisistratus　　was　often　spoken　of　proverbially　as　'the　age　of　gold'；　for　when　his　sons　succeeded　him　the　government　became　much　harsher。　But　most　important　of　all　in　this　respect　was　his　popular　and　kindly　disposition。　In　all　things　he　was　accustomed　to　observe　the　laws；　without　giving　himself　any　exceptional　privileges。　Once　he　was　summoned　on　a　charge　of　homicide　before　the