the athenian constitution-第4部分

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t　giving　himself　any　exceptional　privileges。　Once　he　was　summoned　on　a　charge　of　homicide　before　the　Areopagus；　and　he　appeared　in　person　to　make　his　defence；　but　the　prosecutor　was　afraid　to　present　himself　and　abandoned　the　case。　For　these　reasons　he　held　power　long；　　and　whenever　he　was　expelled　he　regained　his　position　easily。　The　　majority　alike　of　the　upper　class　and　of　the　people　were　in　his　favour；　the　former　he　won　by　his　social　intercourse　with　them；　the　latter　by　the　assistance　which　he　gave　to　their　private　purses；　and　his　nature　fitted　him　to　win　the　hearts　of　both。　Moreover；　the　laws　in　reference　to　tyrants　at　that　time　in　force　at　Athens　were　very　mild；　especially　the　one　which　applies　more　particularly　to　the　establishment　of　a　tyranny。　The　law　ran　as　follows：　'These　are　the　ancestral　statutes　of　the　ATHENIANs；　if　any　persons　shall　make　an　attempt　to　establish　a　tyranny；　or　if　any　person　shall　join　　in　setting　up　a　tyranny；　he　shall　lose　his　civic　rights；　both　himself　and　his　whole　house。'

Part　17

　　Thus　did　Pisistratus　grow　old　in　the　possession　of　power；　and　he　died　a　natural　death　in　the　archonship　of　Philoneos；　three　and　thirty　years　from　the　time　at　which　he　first　established　himself　as　tyrant；　during　nineteen　of　which　he　was　in　possession　of　power；　the　rest　he　spent　in　exile。　It　is　evident　from　this　that　the　　story　is　mere　gossip　which　states　that　Pisistratus　was　the　youthful　favourite　of　Solon　and　commanded　in　the　war　against　Megara　for　the　recovery　of　Salamis。　It　will　not　harmonize　with　their　respective　ages；　as　any　one　may　see　who　will　reckon　up　the　years　of　the　life　of　each　of　them；　and　the　dates　at　which　they　died。　After　the　death　of　　Pisistratus　his　sons　took　up　the　government；　and　conducted　it　on　the　same　system。　He　had　two　sons　by　his　first　and　legitimate　wife；　Hippias　and　Hipparchus；　and　two　by　his　Argive　consort；　Iophon　and　Hegesistratus；　who　was　surnamed　Thessalus。　For　Pisistratus　　took　a　wife　from　Argos；　Timonassa；　the　daughter　of　a　man　of　Argos；　named　　Gorgilus；　she　had　previously　been　the　wife　of　Archinus　of　Ambracia；　one　of　the　descendants　of　Cypselus。　This　was　the　origin　of　his　friendship　with　the　Argives；　on　account　of　which　a　thousand　of　them　were　brought　over　by　Hegesistratus　and　fought　on　his　side　in　the　battle　　at　Pallene。　Some　authorities　say　that　this　marriage　took　place　after　his　first　expulsion　from　Athens；　others　while　he　was　in　possession　of　the　government。

Part　18

　　Hippias　and　Hipparchus　assumed　the　control　of　affairs　on　grounds　alike　of　standing　and　of　age；　but　Hippias；　as　being　also　naturally　of　a　statesmanlike　and　shrewd　disposition；　was　really　the　head　of　the　government。　Hipparchus　was　youthful　in　disposition；　amorous；　and　fond　of　literature　（it　was　he　who　invited　to　Athens　Anacreon；　Simonides；　and　the　other　poets）；　while　Thessalus　was　much　junior　in　age；　and　was　violent　and　headstrong　in　his　behaviour。　It　was　from　his　character　that　all　the　evils　arose　which　befell　the　house。　He　became　enamoured　of　Harmodius；　and；　since　he　failed　to　win　his　affection；　he　lost　all　restraint　upon　his　passion；　and　in　addition　to　other　exhibitions　of　rage　he　finally　prevented　the　sister　of　Harmodius　from　taking　the　part　of　a　basket…bearer　in　the　Panathenaic　procession；　alleging　as　his　reason　that　Harmodius　was　a　person　of　loose　life。　Thereupon；　in　a　frenzy　of　wrath；　Harmodius　and　Aristogeiton　did　their　celebrated　deed；　in　conjunction　with　a　number　of　confederates。　But　while　they　were　lying　in　wait　for　Hippias　in　the　Acropolis　at　the　time　of　the　Panathenaea　（Hippias；　at　　this　moment；　was　awaiting　the　arrival　of　the　procession；　while　Hipparchus　was　organizing　its　dispatch）　they　saw　one　of　the　persons　privy　　to　the　plot　talking　familiarly　with　him。　Thinking　that　he　was　betraying　them；　and　desiring　to　do　something　before　they　were　arrested；　they　rushed　down　and　made　their　attempt　without　waiting　for　the　rest　of　their　confederates。　They　succeeded　in　killing　Hipparchus　near　the　Leocoreum　while　he　was　engaged　in　arranging　the　procession；　　but　ruined　the　design　as　a　whole；　of　the　two　leaders；　Harmodius　was　　killed　on　the　spot　by　the　guards；　while　Aristogeiton　was　arrested；　and　perished　later　after　suffering　long　tortures。　While　under　the　torture　he　accused　many　persons　who　belonged　by　birth　to　the　most　distinguished　families　and　were　also　personal　friends　of　the　tyrants。　At　first　the　government　could　find　no　clue　to　the　conspiracy；　for　the　current　story；　that　Hippias　made　all　who　were　taking　part　in　the　procession　leave　their　arms；　and　then　detected　those　who　were　carrying　secret　daggers；　cannot　be　true；　since　at　that　time　they　did　not　bear　arms　in　the　processions；　this　being　a　custom　instituted　at　a　later　period　by　the　democracy。　According　to　the　story　of　the　popular　party；　Aristogeiton　accused　the　friends　of　the　tyrants　with　the　deliberate　intention　that　the　latter　might　commit　an　impious　act；　and　　at　the　same　time　weaken　themselves；　by　putting　to　death　innocent　men　who　were　their　own　friends；　others　say　that　he　told　no　falsehood；　but　was　betraying　the　actual　accomplices。　At　last；　when　for　all　his　　efforts　he　could　not　obtain　release　by　death；　he　promised　to　give　further　information　against　a　number　of　other　persons；　and；　having　induced　Hippias　to　give　him　his　hand　to　confirm　his　word；　as　soon　as　he　had　hold　of　it　he　reviled　him　for　giving　his　hand　to　the　murderer　of　his　brother；　till　Hippias；　in　a　frenzy　of　rage；　lost　control　of　himself　and　snatched　out　his　dagger　and　dispatched　him。

Part　19

　　After　this　event　the　tyranny　became　much　harsher。　In　consequence　of　his　vengeance　for　his　brother；　and　of　the　execution　and　banishment　of　a　large　number　of　persons；　Hippias　became　a　distrusted　and　an　embittered　man。　About　three　years　after　the　death　of　Hipparchus；　finding　his　position　in　the　city　insecure；　he　set　about　fortifying　Munichia；　with　the　intention　of　establishing　　himself　there。　While　he　was　still　engaged　on　this　work；　however；　he　was　expelled　by　Cleomenes；　king　of　Lacedaemon；　in　consequence　of　the　Spartans　being　continually　incited　by　oracles　to　overthrow　the　tyranny。　　These　oracles　were　obtained　in　the　following　way。　The　Athenian　exiles；　　headed　by　the　Alcmeonidae；　could　not　by　their　own　power　effect　their　return；　but　failed　continually　in　their　attempts。　Among　their　other　　failures；　they　fortified　a　post　in　Attica；　Lipsydrium；　above　Mt。　Parnes；　and　were　there　joined　by　some　partisans　from　the　city；　but　they　were　besieged　by　the　tyrants　and　reduced　to　surrender。　After　this　disaster　the　following　became　a　popular　drinking　song：

　　Ah！　Lipsydrium；　faithless　friend！　　　Lo；　what　heroes　to　death　didst　send；　　　Nobly　born　and　great　in　deed！　　　Well　did　they　prove　themselves　at　need　　　Of　noble　sires　a　noble　seed。

　　Having　failed；　then；　in　very　other　method；　they　took　the　contract　for　rebuilding　the　temple　at　Delphi；　thereby　obtaining　ample　funds；　which　they　employed　to　secure　the　help　of　the　　Lacedaemonians。　All　this　time　the　Pythia　kept　continually　enjoining　on　the　Lacedaemonians　who　came　to　consult　the　oracle；　that　they　must　free　Athens；　till　finally　she　succeeded　in　impelling　the　Spartans　to　that　step；　although　the　house　of　Pisistratus　was　connected　with　them　by　ties　of　hospitality。　The　resolution　of　the　Lacedaemonians　was；　however；　at　least　equally　due　to　the　friendship　which　had　been　formed　between　the　house　of　Pisistratus　and　Argos。　Accordingly　they　first　sent　Anchimolus　by　sea　at　the　head　of　an　army；　but　he　was　defeated　and　killed；　through　the　arrival　of　Cineas　of　Thessaly　to　support　the　sons　of　Pisistratus　with　a　force　of　a　thousand　horsemen。　Then；　being　roused　to　anger　by　this　disaster；　they　sent　their　king；　Cleomenes；　by　land　at　　the　head　of　a　larger　force；　and　he；　after　defeating　the　Thessalian　cavalry　when　they　attempted　to　intercept　his　march　into　Attica；　shut　up　Hippias　within　what　was　known　as　the　Pelargic　wall　and　blockaded　him　there　with　the　assistance　of　the　Athenians。　While　he　was　sitting　　down　before　the　place；　it　so　happened　that　the　sons　of　the　Pisistratidae　were　captured　in　an　attempt　to　slip　out；　upon　which　the　tyrants　　capitulated　on　condition　of　the　safety　of　their　children；　and　surrendered　the　Acropolis　to　the　Athenians；　five　days　being　first　allowed　them　to　remove　their　effects。　This　took　place　in　the　archonship　of　Harpactides；　after　they　had　held　the　tyranny　for　about　　seventeen　years　since　their　father's　death；　or　in　all；　including　the　period　of　their　father's　rule；　for　nine…and…forty　years。

Part　20

　　After　the　overthrow　of　the　tyranny；　the　rival　leaders　in　the　state　were　Isagoras　son　of　Tisander；　a　partisan　of　the　tyrants；　and　Cleisthenes；　who　belonged　to　the　family　of　the　Alcmeonidae。　Cleisthenes；　being　beaten　in　the　political　clubs；　called　in　　the　people　by　giving　the　franchise　to　the　masses。　Thereupon　Isagoras；　finding　himself　left　inferior　in　power；　invited　Cleomenes；　who　was　united　to　him　by　ties　of　hospitality；　to　return　to　Athens；　and　persuaded　him　to　'drive　out　the　pollution'；　a　plea　derived　from　the　fact　that　the　Alcmeonidae　were　suppposed　to　be　under　the　curse　of　　pollution。　On　this　Cleisthenes　retired　from　the　country；　and　Cleomenes；　entering　Attica　with　a　small　force；　expelled；　as　polluted；　seven　hundred　Athenian　families。　Having　effected　this；　he　next　attempted　to　dissolve　the　Council；　and　to　set　up　Isagoras　and　three　hundred　of　his　partisans　as　the　supreme　power　in　the　state。　The　Council；　however；　　resisted；　the　populace　flocked　together；　and　Cleomenes　and　Isagoras；　with　their　adherents；　took　refuge　in　the　Acropolis。　Here　the　people　sat　down　and　besieged　them　for　two　days；　and　on　the　third　they　agreed　to　let　Cleomenes　and　all　his　followers　de　art；　while　they　summoned　Cleisthenes　and　the　other　exiles　back　to　Athens。　When　the　people　had　thus　obtained　the　command　of　affairs；　Cleisthenes　was　their　chief　and　popular　leader。　And　this　was　natural；　for　the　Alcmeonidae　were　perhaps　the　chief　cause　of　the　expulsion　of　the　tyrants；　and　for　the　greater　part　of　their　rule　were　at　perpetual　war　with　them。　But　even　earlier　than　the　attempts　of　the　Alcmeonidae；　one　Cedon　made　　an　attack　on　the　tyrants；　when　there　came　another　popular　drinking　song；　addressed　to　him：

　　Pour　a　health　yet　again；　boy；　to　Cedon；　forget　not　this　duty　to　do；　　　If　a　health　is　an　honour