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House      Ker        Quer         Dar



Husband    Rom        Ron          Zooje



Lightning  Molnija    Maluno       Brak



Love ��to��  Camaba     Camelar      Yehib



Man        Manusch    Manu         Rajil



Milk       Tud        Chuti        Helib



Mountain   Bar        Bur          Djibil



Mouth      Mui        Mui          Fum



Name       Nao        Nao          Ism



Night      Rat        Rachi        Lila



Nose       Nakh       Naqui        Munghar



Old        Puro       Puro         Shaive



Red        Lal        Lalo         Hamr



Salt       Lon        Lon          Mela



Sing       Gjuwawa    Gilyabar     Iganni



Sun        Cam        Can          Schems



Thief      Tschor     Choro        Haram



Thou       Tu         Tucue        Antsin



Tongue     Tschib     Chipe        Lsan



Tooth      Dant       Dani         Sinn



Tree       Karscht    Caste        Schizara



Water      Pani       Pani         Ma



Wind       Barbar     Barban       Ruhk











We shall offer no further observations respecting the affinity of 



the Spanish Gitano to the other dialects�察�as we conceive we have 



already afforded sufficient proof of its original identity with 



them�察�and consequently shaken to the ground the absurd opinion that 



the Gitanos of Spain are the descendants of the Arabs and Moriscos。  



We shall now conclude with a few remarks on the present state of 



the Gitano language in Spain�察�where�察�perhaps�察�within the course of 



a few years�察�it will have perished�察�without leaving a vestige of 



its having once existed�察�and where�察�perhaps�察�the singular people 



who speak it are likewise doomed to disappear�察�becoming sooner or 



later engulfed and absorbed in the great body of the nation�察�



amongst whom they have so long existed a separate and peculiar 



class。







Though the words or a part of the words of the original tongue 



still remain�察�preserved by memory amongst the Gitanos�察�its 



grammatical peculiarities have disappeared�察�the entire language 



having been modified and subjected to the rules of Spanish grammar�察�



with which it now coincides in syntax�察�in the conjugation of verbs�察�



and in the declension of its nouns。  Were it possible or necessary 



to collect all the relics of this speech�察�they would probably 



amount to four or five thousand words�察�but to effect such an 



achievement�察�it would be necessary to hold close and long 



intercourse with almost every Gitano in Spain�察�and to extract�察�by 



various means�察�the peculiar information which he might be capable 



of affording�察�for it is necessary to state here�察�that though such 



an amount of words may still exist amongst the Gitanos in general�察�



no single individual of their sect is in possession of one´third 



part thereof�察�nor indeed�察�we may add�察�those of any single city or 



province of Spain�察�nevertheless all are in possession�察�more or 



less�察�of the language�察�so that�察�though of different provinces�察�they 



are enabled to understand each other tolerably well�察�when 



discoursing in this their characteristic speech。  Those who travel 



most are of course best versed in it�察�as�察�independent of the words 



of their own village or town�察�they acquire others by intermingling 



with their race in various places。  Perhaps there is no part of 



Spain where it is spoken better than in Madrid�察�which is easily 



accounted for by the fact�察�that Madrid�察�as the capital�察�has always 



been the point of union of the Gitanos�察�from all those provinces of 



Spain where they are to be found。  It is least of all preserved in 



Seville�察�notwithstanding that its Gitano population is very 



considerable�察�consisting�察�however�察�almost entirely of natives of 



the place。  As may well be supposed�察�it is in all places best 



preserved amongst the old people�察�their children being 



comparatively ignorant of it�察�as perhaps they themselves are in 



comparison with their own parents。  We are persuaded that the 



Gitano language of Spain is nearly at its last stage of existence�察�



which persuasion has been our main instigator to the present 



attempt to collect its scanty remains�察�and by the assistance of the 



press�察�rescue it in some degree from destruction。  It will not be 



amiss to state here�察�that it is only by listening attentively to 



the speech of the Gitanos�察�whilst discoursing amongst themselves�察�



that an acquaintance with their dialect can be formed�察�and by 



seizing upon all unknown words as they fall in succession from 



their lips。  Nothing can be more useless and hopeless than the 



attempt to obtain possession of their vocabulary by inquiring of 



them how particular objects and ideas are styled�察�for with the 



exception of the names of the most common things�察�they are totally 



incapable�察�as a Spanish writer has observed�察�of yielding the 



required information�察�owing to their great ignorance�察�the shortness 



of their memories�察�or rather the state of bewilderment to which 



their minds are brought by any question which tends to bring their 



reasoning faculties into action�察�though not unfrequently the very 



words which have been in vain required of them will�察�a minute 



subsequently�察�proceed inadvertently from their mouths。







We now take leave of their language。  When wishing to praise the 



proficiency of any individual in their tongue�察�they are in the 



habit of saying�察�'He understands the seven jargons。'  In the Gospel 



which we have printed in this language�察�and in the dictionary which 



we have compiled�察�we have endeavoured�察�to the utmost of our 



ability�察�to deserve that compliment�察�and at all times it will 



afford us sincere and heartfelt pleasure to be informed that any 



Gitano�察�capable of appreciating the said little works�察�has 



observed�察�whilst reading them or hearing them read�此 �It is clear 



that the writer of these books understood











THE SEVEN JARGONS。















ON ROBBER LANGUAGE�察�OR�察�AS IT IS CALLED IN SPAIN�察�GERMANIA











'So I went with them to a music booth�察�where they made me almost 



drunk with gin�察�and began to talk their FLASH LANGUAGE�察�which I did 



not understand。' ´ Narrative of the Exploits of Henry Simms�察�



executed at Tyburn�察�1746。







'Hablaronse los dos en Germania�察�de lo qual resulto darme un 



abraco�察�y ofrecerseme。' ´ QUEVEDO。 Vida dal gran Tacano。











HAVING in the preceding article endeavoured to afford all necessary 



information concerning the Rommany�察�or language used by the Gypsies 



amongst themselves�察�we now propose to turn our attention to a 



subject of no less interest�察�but which has hitherto never been 



treated in a manner calculated to lead to any satisfactory result 



or conclusion�察�on the contrary�察�though philosophic minds have been 



engaged in its consideration�察�and learned pens have not disdained 



to occupy themselves with its details�察�it still remains a singular 



proof of the errors into which the most acute and laborious writers 



are apt to fall�察�when they take upon themselves the task of writing 



on matters which cannot be studied in the closet�察�and on which no 



information can be received by mixing in the society of the wise�察�



the lettered�察�and the respectable�察�but which must be investigated 



in the fields�察�and on the borders of the highways�察�in prisons�察�and 



amongst the dregs of society。  Had the latter system been pursued 



in the matter now before us�察�much clearer�察�more rational�察�and more 



just ideas would long since have been entertained respecting the 



Germania�察�or language of thieves。







In most countries of Europe there exists�察�amongst those who obtain 



their existence by the breach of the law�察�and by preying upon the 



fruits of the labours of the quiet and orderly portion of society�察�



a particular jargon or dialect�察�in which the former discuss their 



schemes and plans of plunder�察�without being in general understood 



by those to whom they are obnoxious。  The name of this jargon 



varies with the country in which it is spoken。  In Spain it is 



called 'Germania'�察�in France�察�'Argot'�察�in Germany�察�'Rothwelsch��' or 



Red Italian�察�in Italy�察�'Gergo'�察�whilst in England it is known by 



many names�察�for example�察�'cant�察�slang�察�thieves' Latin��' etc。  The 



most remarkable circumstance connected with the history of this 



jargon is�察�that in all the countries in which it is spoken�察�it has 



invariably�察�by the authors who have treated of it�察�and who are 



numerous�察�been confounded with the Gypsy language�察�and asserted to 



be the speech of those wanderers who have so long infested Europe 



under the name of Gitanos�察�etc。  How far this belief is founded in 



justice we shall now endeavour to show�察�with the premise that 



whatever we advance is derived�察�not from the assertions or opinions 



of others�察�but from our own observation�察�the point in question 



being one which no person is capable of solving�察�save him who has 



mixed with Gitanos and thieves�察 � not with the former merely or the 



latter�察�but with both。







We have already stated what is the Rommany or language of the 



Gypsies。  We have proved that when properly spoken it is to all 



intents and purposes entitled to the appellation of a language�察�and 



that wherever it exists it is virtually the same�察�that its origin 



is illustrious�察�it being a daughter of the Sanscrit�察�and in 



consequence in close connection with some of the most celebrated 



languages of the East�察�although it at present is only used by the 



most unfortunate and degraded of beings�察�wanderers without home and 



almost without country�察�as wherever they are found they are 



considered in the light of foreigners and interlopers。  We shall 



now state what the language of thieves is�察�as it is generally 



spoken in Europe�察�after which we shal

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