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the zincali-及52何蛍

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powerful and widely spread to be extirpated�察�was to a considerable 



extent abashed and humbled before the bright rising sun of Islam。  



The Persian language�察�which the conquerors ��68�� of whatever 



denomination introduced with them to Hindustan�察�and which their 



descendants at the present day still retain�察�though not lords of 



the ascendant�察�speedily became widely extended in these regions�察�



where it had previously been unknown。  As the language of the 



court�察�it was of course studied and acquired by all those natives 



whose wealth�察�rank�察�and influence necessarily brought them into 



connection with the ruling powers�察�and as the language of the camp�察�



it was carried into every part of the country where the duties of 



the soldiery sooner or later conducted them�察�the result of which 



relations between the conquerors and conquered was the adoption 



into the popular dialects of India of an infinity of modern Persian 



words�察�not merely those of science�察�such as it exists in the East�察�



and of luxury and refinement�察�but even those which serve to express 



many of the most common objects�察�necessities�察�and ideas�察�so that at 



the present day a knowledge of the Persian is essential for the 



thorough understanding of the principal dialects of Hindustan�察�on 



which account�察�as well as for the assistance which it affords in 



communication with the Mahometans�察�it is cultivated with peculiar 



care by the present possessors of the land。







No surprise�察�therefore�察�can be entertained that the speech of the 



Gitanos in general�察�who�察�in all probability�察�departed from 



Hindustan long subsequent to the first Mahometan invasions�察�



abounds�察�like other Indian dialects�察�with words either purely 



Persian�察�or slightly modified to accommodate them to the genius of 



the language。  Whether the Rommany originally constituted part of 



the natives of Multan or Guzerat�察�and abandoned their native land 



to escape from the torch and sword of Tamerlane and his Mongols�察�as 



Grellmann and others have supposed�察�or whether�察�as is much more 



probable�察�they were a thievish caste�察�like some others still to be 



found in Hindustan�察�who fled westward�察�either from the vengeance of 



justice�察�or in pursuit of plunder�察�their speaking Persian is alike 



satisfactorily accounted for。  With the view of exhibiting how 



closely their language is connected with the Sanscrit and Persian�察�



we subjoin the first ten numerals in the three tongues�察�those of 



the Gypsy according to the Hungarian dialect。 ��69��











   Gypsy。     Persian。    Sanscrit。 ��70��







1  Jek        Ek          Ega



2  Dui        Du          Dvaya



3  Trin       Se          Treya



4  Schtar     Chehar      Tschatvar



5  Pansch     Pansch      Pantscha



6  Tschov     Schesche    Schasda



7  Efta       Heft        Sapta



8  Ochto      Hescht      Aschta



9  Enija      Nu          Nava



10 Dosch      De          Dascha











It would be easy for us to adduce a thousand instances�察�as striking 



as the above�察�of the affinity of the Gypsy tongue to the Persian�察�



Sanscrit�察�and the Indian dialects�察�but we have not space for 



further observation on a point which long since has been 



sufficiently discussed by others endowed with abler pens than our 



own�察�but having made these preliminary remarks�察�which we deemed 



necessary for the elucidation of the subject�察�we now hasten to 



speak of the Gitano language as used in Spain�察�and to determine�察�by 



its evidence ��and we again repeat�察�that the language is the only 



criterion by which the question can be determined���察�how far the 



Gitanos of Spain are entitled to claim connection with the tribes 



who�察�under the names of Zingani�察�etc。�察�are to be found in various 



parts of Europe�察�following�察�in general�察�a life of wandering 



adventure�察�and practising the same kind of thievish arts which 



enable those in Spain to obtain a livelihood at the expense of the 



more honest and industrious of the community。







The Gitanos of Spain�察�as already stated�察�are generally believed to 



be the descendants of the Moriscos�察�and have been asserted to be 



such in printed books。 ��71��  Now they are known to speak a language 



or jargon amongst themselves which the other natives of Spain do 



not understand�察�of course�察�then�察�supposing them to be of Morisco 



origin�察�the words of this tongue or jargon�察�which are not Spanish�察�



are the relics of the Arabic or Moorish tongue once spoken in 



Spain�察�which they have inherited from their Moorish ancestors。  Now 



it is well known�察�that the Moorish of Spain was the same tongue as 



that spoken at present by the Moors of Barbary�察�from which country 



Spain was invaded by the Arabs�察�and to which they again retired 



when unable to maintain their ground against the armies of the 



Christians。  We will�察�therefore�察�collate the numerals of the 



Spanish Gitano with those of the Moorish tongue�察�preceding both 



with those of the Hungarian Gypsy�察�of which we have already made 



use�察�for the purpose of making clear the affinity of that language 



to the Sanscrit and Persian。  By this collation we shall at once 



perceive whether the Gitano of Spain bears most resemblance to the 



Arabic�察�or the Rommany of other lands。











   Hungarian Spanish           Moorish



   Gypsy。    Gitano。           Arabic。







1  Jek       Yeque             Wahud



2  Dui       Dui               Snain



3  Trin      Trin              Slatza



4  Schtar    Estar             Arba



5  Pansch    Pansche           Khamsa



6  Tschov    Job。 Zoi          Seta



7  Efta      Hefta             Sebea



8  Ochto     Otor              Sminia



9  Enija     Esnia ��Nu。 PERS。�� Tussa



10 Dosch     Deque             Aschra







We believe the above specimens will go very far to change the 



opinion of those who have imbibed the idea that the Gitanos of 



Spain are the descendants of Moors�察�and are of an origin different 



from that of the wandering tribes of Rommany in other parts of the 



world�察�the specimens of the two dialects of the Gypsy�察�as far as 



they go�察�being so strikingly similar�察�as to leave no doubt of their 



original identity�察�whilst�察�on the contrary�察�with the Moorish 



neither the one nor the other exhibits the slightest point of 



similarity or connection。  But with these specimens we shall not 



content ourselves�察�but proceed to give the names of the most common 



things and objects in the Hungarian and Spanish Gitano�察�



collaterally�察�with their equivalents in the Moorish Arabic�察�from 



which it will appear that whilst the former are one and the same 



language�察�they are in every respect at variance with the latter。  



When we consider that the Persian has adopted so many words and 



phrases from the Arabic�察�we are at first disposed to wonder that a 



considerable portion of these words are not to be discovered in 



every dialect of the Gypsy tongue�察�since the Persian has lent it so 



much of its vocabulary。  Yet such is by no means the case�察�as it is 



very uncommon�察�in any one of these dialects�察�to discover words 



derived from the Arabic。  Perhaps�察�however�察�the following 



consideration will help to solve this point。  The Gitanos�察�even 



before they left India�察�were probably much the same rude�察�thievish�察�



and ignorant people as they are at the present day。  Now the words 



adopted by the Persian from the Arabic�察�and which it subsequently 



introduced into the dialects of India�察�are sounds representing 



objects and ideas with which such a people as the Gitanos could 



necessarily be but scantily acquainted�察�a people whose circle of 



ideas only embraces physical objects�察�and who never commune with 



their own minds�察�nor exert them but in devising low and vulgar 



schemes of pillage and deceit。  Whatever is visible and common is 



seldom or never represented by the Persians�察�even in their books�察�



by the help of Arabic words�此 �the sun and stars�察�the sea and river�察�



the earth�察�its trees�察�its fruits�察�its flowers�察�and all that it 



produces and supports�察�are seldom named by them by other terms than 



those which their own language is capable of affording�察�but in 



expressing the abstract thoughts of their minds�察�and they are a 



people who think much and well�察�they borrow largely from the 



language of their religion ´ the Arabic。  We therefore�察�perhaps�察�



ought not to be surprised that in the scanty phraseology of the 



Gitanos�察�amongst so much Persian�察�we find so little that is Arabic�察�



had their pursuits been less vile�察�their desires less animal�察�and 



their thoughts less circumscribed�察�it would probably have been 



otherwise�察�but from time immemorial they have shown themselves a 



nation of petty thieves�察�horse´traffickers�察�and the like�察�without a 



thought of the morrow�察�being content to provide against the evil of 



the passing day。







The following is a comparison of words in the three languages�此�











           Hungarian  Spanish      Moorish



           Gypsy。��72�� Gitano。      Arabic。







Bone       Cokalos    Cocal        Adorn



City       Forjus     Foros        Beled



Day        Dives      Chibes       Youm



Drink ��to�� Piava      Piyar        Yeschrab



Ear        Kan        Can          Oothin



Eye        Jakh       Aquia        Ein



Feather    Por        Porumia      Risch



Fire       Vag        Yaque        Afia



Fish       Maczo      Macho        Hutz



Foot       Pir        Piro�察�pindro Rjil



Gold       Sonkai     Sonacai      Dahab



Great      Baro       Baro         Quibir



Hair       Bala       Bal          Schar



He�察�pron。  Wow        O            Hu



Head       Tschero    Jero         Ras



House      Ker        Quer         Dar



Husband    Rom        Ron         

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