concerning civil government-第15部分

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other　places；　from　whence　sprang　all　that　number　of　petty

commonwealths　in　the　beginning　of　ages；　and　which　always　multiplied　as

long　as　there　was　room　enough；　till　the　stronger　or　more　fortunate

swallowed　the　weaker；　and　those　great　ones；　again　breaking　to

pieces；　dissolved　into　lesser　dominions；　all　which　are　so　many

testimonies　against　paternal　sovereignty；　and　plainly　prove　that　it

was　not　the　natural　right　of　the　father　descending　to　his　heirs　that

made　governments　in　the　beginning；　since　it　was　impossible；　upon

that　ground；　there　should　have　been　so　many　little　kingdoms　but　only

one　universal　monarchy　if　men　had　not　been　at　liberty　to　separate

themselves　from　their　families　and　their　government；　be　it　what　it

will　that　was　set　up　in　it；　and　go　and　make　distinct　commonwealths　and

other　governments　as　they　thought　fit。

　　116。　This　has　been　the　practice　of　the　world　from　its　first

beginning　to　this　day；　nor　is　it　now　any　more　hindrance　to　the　freedom

of　mankind；　that　they　are　born　under　constituted　and　ancient

polities　that　have　established　laws　and　set　forms　of　government；

than　if　they　were　born　in　the　woods　amongst　the　unconfined　inhabitants

that　run　loose　in　them。　For　those　who　would　persuade　us　that　by

being　born　under　any　government　we　are　naturally　subjects　to　it；　and

have　no　more　any　title　or　pretence　to　the　freedom　of　the　state　of

Nature；　have　no　other　reason　（bating　that　of　paternal　power；　which

we　have　already　answered）　to　produce　for　it；　but　only　because　our

fathers　or　progenitors　passed　away　their　natural　liberty；　and

thereby　bound　up　themselves　and　their　posterity　to　a　perpetual

subjection　to　the　government　which　they　themselves　submitted　to。　It　is

true　that　whatever　engagements　or　promises　any　one　made　for　himself；

he　is　under　the　obligation　of　them；　but　cannot　by　any　compact

whatsoever　bind　his　children　or　posterity。　For　his　son；　when　a　man；

being　altogether　as　free　as　the　father；　any　act　of　the　father　can　no

more　give　away　the　liberty　of　the　son　than　it　can　of　anybody　else。

He　may；　indeed；　annex　such　conditions　to　the　land　he　enjoyed；　as　a

subject　of　any　commonwealth；　as　may　oblige　his　son　to　be　of　that

community；　if　he　will　enjoy　those　possessions　which　were　his　father's；

because　that　estate　being　his　father's　property；　he　may　dispose　or

settle　it　as　he　pleases。

　　117。　And　this　has　generally　given　the　occasion　to　the　mistake　in

this　matter；　because　commonwealths　not　permitting　any　part　of　their

dominions　to　be　dismembered；　nor　to　be　enjoyed　by　any　but　those　of

their　community；　the　son　cannot　ordinarily　enjoy　the　possessions　of

his　father　but　under　the　same　terms　his　father　did；　by　becoming　a

member　of　the　society；　whereby　he　puts　himself　presently　under　the

government　he　finds　there　established；　as　much　as　any　other　subject　of

that　commonweal。　And　thus　the　consent　of　free　men；　born　under

government；　which　only　makes　them　members　of　it；　being　given

separately　in　their　turns；　as　each　comes　to　be　of　age；　and　not　in　a

multitude　together；　people　take　no　notice　of　it；　and　thinking　it　not

done　at　all；　or　not　necessary；　conclude　they　are　naturally　subjects　as

they　are　men。

　　118。　But　it　is　plain　governments　themselves　understand　it　otherwise；

they　claim　no　power　over　the　son　because　of　that　they　had　over　the

father；　nor　look　on　children　as　being　their　subjects；　by　their　fathers

being　so。　If　a　subject　of　England　have　a　child　by　an　Englishwoman　in

France；　whose　subject　is　he？　Not　the　King　of　England's；　for　he　must

have　leave　to　be　admitted　to　the　privileges　of　it。　Nor　the　King　of

France's；　for　how　then　has　his　father　a　liberty　to　bring　him　away；　and

breed　him　as　he　pleases；　and　whoever　was　judged　as　a　traitor　or

deserter；　if　he　left；　or　warred　against　a　country；　for　being　barely

born　in　it　of　parents　that　were　aliens　there？　It　is　plain；　then；　by

the　practice　of　governments　themselves；　as　well　as　by　the　law　of　right

reason；　that　a　child　is　born　a　subject　of　no　country　nor　government。

He　is　under　his　father's　tuition　and　authority　till　he　come　to　age

of　discretion；　and　then　he　is　a　free　man；　at　liberty　what　government

he　will　put　himself　under；　what　body　politic　he　will　unite　himself　to。

For　if　an　Englishman's　son　born　in　France　be　at　liberty；　and　may　do

so；　it　is　evident　there　is　no　tie　upon　him　by　his　father　being　a

subject　of　that　kingdom；　nor　is　he　bound　up　by　any　compact　of　his

ancestors；　and　why　then　hath　not　his　son；　by　the　same　reason；　the　same

liberty；　though　he　be　born　anywhere　else？　Since　the　power　that　a

father　hath　naturally　over　his　children　is　the　same　wherever　they　be

born；　and　the　ties　of　natural　obligations　are　not　bounded　by　the

positive　limits　of　kingdoms　and　commonwealths。

　　119。　Every　man　being；　as　has　been　showed；　naturally　free；　and

nothing　being　able　to　put　him　into　subjection　to　any　earthly　power；

but　only　his　own　consent；　it　is　to　be　considered　what　shall　be

understood　to　be　a　sufficient　declaration　of　a　man's　consent　to　make

him　subject　to　the　laws　of　any　government。　There　is　a　common

distinction　of　an　express　and　a　tacit　consent；　which　will　concern

our　present　case。　Nobody　doubts　but　an　express　consent　of　any　man；

entering　into　any　society；　makes　him　a　perfect　member　of　that　society；

a　subject　of　that　government。　The　difficulty　is；　what　ought　to　be

looked　upon　as　a　tacit　consent；　and　how　far　it　binds…　i。e。；　how　far

any　one　shall　be　looked　on　to　have　consented；　and　thereby　submitted　to

any　government；　where　he　has　made　no　expressions　of　it　at　all。　And

to　this　I　say；　that　every　man　that　hath　any　possession　or　enjoyment　of

any　part　of　the　dominions　of　any　government　doth　hereby　give　his　tacit

consent；　and　is　as　far　forth　obliged　to　obedience　to　the　laws　of

that　government；　during　such　enjoyment；　as　any　one　under　it；　whether

this　his　possession　be　of　land　to　him　and　his　heirs　for　ever；　or　a

lodging　only　for　a　week；　or　whether　it　be　barely　travelling　freely

on　the　highway；　and；　in　effect；　it　reaches　as　far　as　the　very　being　of

any　one　within　the　territories　of　that　government。

　　120。　To　understand　this　the　better；　it　is　fit　to　consider　that　every

man　when　he　at　first　incorporates　himself　into　any　commonwealth；　he；

by　his　uniting　himself　thereunto；　annexes　also；　and　submits　to　the

community　those　possessions　which　he　has；　or　shall　acquire；　that　do

not　already　belong　to　any　other　government。　For　it　would　be　a　direct

contradiction　for　any　one　to　enter　into　society　with　others　for　the

securing　and　regulating　of　property；　and　yet　to　suppose　his　land；

whose　property　is　to　be　regulated　by　the　laws　of　the　society；　should

be　exempt　from　the　jurisdiction　of　that　government　to　which　he

himself；　and　the　property　of　the　land；　is　a　subject。　By　the　same

act；　therefore；　whereby　any　one　unites　his　person；　which　was　before

free；　to　any　commonwealth；　by　the　same　he　unites　his　possessions；

which　were　before　free；　to　it　also；　and　they　become；　both　of　them；

person　and　possession；　subject　to　the　government　and　dominion　of

that　commonwealth　as　long　as　it　hath　a　being。　Whoever　therefore；

from　thenceforth；　by　inheritance；　purchases　permission；　or　otherwise

enjoys　any　part　of　the　land　so　annexed　to；　and　under　the　government　of

that　commonweal；　must　take　it　with　the　condition　it　is　under…　that　is；

of　submitting　to　the　government　of　the　commonwealth；　under　whose

jurisdiction　it　is；　as　far　forth　as　any　subject　of　it。

　　121。　But　since　the　government　has　a　direct　jurisdiction　only　over

the　land　and　reaches　the　possessor　of　it　（before　he　has　actually

incorporated　himself　in　the　society）　only　as　he　dwells　upon　and　enjoys

that；　the　obligation　any　one　is　under　by　virtue　of　such　enjoyment　to

submit　to　the　government　begins　and　ends　with　the　enjoyment；　so　that

whenever　the　owner；　who　has　given　nothing　but　such　a　tacit　consent

to　the　government　will；　by　donation；　sale　or　otherwise；　quit　the

said　possession；　he　is　at　liberty　to　go　and　incorporate　himself　into

any　other　commonwealth；　or　agree　with　others　to　begin　a　new　one　in

vacuis　locis；　in　any　part　of　the　world　they　can　find　free　and

unpossessed；　whereas　he　that　has　once；　by　actual　agreement　and　any

express　declaration；　given　his　consent　to　be　of　any　commonweal；　is

perpetually　and　indispensably　obliged　to　be；　and　remain　unalterably

a　subject　to　it；　and　can　never　be　again　in　the　liberty　of　the　state　of

Nature；　unless　by　any　calamity　the　government　he　was　under　comes　to　be

dissolved。

　　122。　But　submitting　to　the　laws　of　any　country；　living　quietly　and

enjoying　privileges　and　protection　under　them；　makes　not　a　man　a

member　of　that　society；　it　is　only　a　local　protection　and　homage　due

to　and　from　all　those　who；　not　being　in　a　state　of　war；　come　within

the　territories　belonging　to　any　government；　to　all　parts　whereof

the　force　of　its　law　extends。　But　this　no　more　makes　a　man　a　member　of

that　society；　a　perpetual　subject　of　that　commonwealth；　than　it

would　make　a　man　a　subject　to　another　in　whose　family　he　found　it

convenient　to　abide　for　some　time；　though；　whilst　he　continued　in

it；　he　were　obliged　to　comply　with　the　laws　and　submit　to　the

government　he　found　there。　And　thus　we　see　that　foreigners；　by

living　all　their　lives　under　another　government；　and　enjoying　the

privileges　and　protection　of　it；　though　they　are　bound；　even　in

conscience；　to　submit　to　its　administration　as　far　forth　as　any

denizen；　yet　do　not　thereby　come　to　be　subjects　or　members　of　that

commonwealth。　Nothing　can　make　any　man　so　but　his　actually　entering

into　it　by　positive　engagement　and　express　promise　and　compact。　This

is　that　which；　I　think；　concerning　the　beginning　of　political

societies；　and　that　consent　which　makes　any　one　a　member　of　any

commonwealth。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chapter　IX

　　　　　　　　　　　Of　the　Ends　of　Political　Society　and　Government



　　123。　IF　man　in　the　state　of　Nature　be　so　free　as　has　been　said；　if

he　be　absolute　lord　of　his　own　person　and　possessions；　equal　to　the

greatest　and　subject　to　nobody；　why　will　he　part　with　his　freedom；

this　empire；　and　subject　himself　to　the　dominion　and　control　of　any

othe