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sophist-第2部分

小说: sophist 字数: 每页4000字

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capture with enclosures; or something of that sort?

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 The other kind; which is practised by a blow with hooks and

three pronged spears; when summed up under one name; may be called

striking; unless you; Theaetetus; can find some better name?

  Theaet。 Never mind the name…what you suggest will do very well。

  Str。 There is one mode of striking; which is done at night; and by

the light of a fire; and is by the hunters themselves called firing;

or spearing by firelight。

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 And the fishing by day is called by the general name 

of barbing

because the spears; too; are barbed at the point。

  Theaet。 Yes; that is the term。

  Str。 Of this barb…fishing; that which strikes the fish Who is

below from above is called spearing; because this is the way in

which the three…pronged spears are mostly used。

  Theaet。 Yes; it is often called so。

  Str。 Then now there is only one kind remaining。

  Theaet。 What is that?

  Str。 When a hook is used; and the fish is not struck in any chance

part of his body…he as be is with the spear; but only about the head

and mouth; and is then drawn out from below upwards with reeds and

rods:…What is the right name of that mode of fish; Theaetetus?

  Theaet。 I suspect that we have now discovered the object of our

search。

  Str。 Then now you and I have come to an understanding not 

only about

the name of the angler's art; but about the definition of the thing

itself。 One half of all art was acquisitive…half of all the art

acquisitive art was conquest or taking by force; half of this was

hunting; and half of hunting was hunting animals; half of this was

hunting water animals…of this again; the under half was fishing;

half of fishing was striking; a part of striking was fishing with a

barb; and one half of this again; being the kind which strikes with

a hook and draws the fish from below upwards; is the art 

which we have

been seeking; and which from the nature of the operation is denoted

angling or drawing up (aspalienutike; anaspasthai)。

  Theaet。 The result has been quite satisfactorily brought out。

  Str。 And now; following this pattern; let us endeavour to find out

what a Sophist is。

  Theaet。 By all means。

  Str。 The first question about the angler was; whether he was a

skilled artist or unskilled?

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 And shall we call our new friend unskilled; or a thorough

master of his craft?

  Theaet。 Certainly not unskilled; for his name; as; indeed; you

imply; must surely express his nature。

  Str。 Then he must be supposed to have some art。

  Theaet。 What art?

  Str。 By heaven; they are cousins! it never occurred to us。

  Theaet。 Who are cousins?

  Str。 The angler and the Sophist。

  Theaet。 In what way are they related?

  Str。 They both appear to me to be hunters。

  Theaet。 How the Sophist? Of the other we have spoken。

  Str。 You remember our division of hunting; into hunting after

swimming animals and land animals?

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 And you remember that we subdivided the swimming and left the

land animals; saying that there were many kinds of them?

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 Thus far; then; the Sophist and the angler; starting from the

art of acquiring; take the same road?

  Theaet。 So it would appear。

  Str。 Their paths diverge when they reach the art of animal

hunting; the one going to the seashore; and to the rivers and to the

lakes; and angling for the animals which are in them。

  Theaet。 Very true。

  Str。 While the other goes to land and water of another sort…rivers

of wealth and broad meadow…lands of generous youth; and he also is

intending to take the animals which are in them。

  Theaet。 What do you mean?

  Str。 Of hunting on land there are two principal divisions。

  Theaet。 What are they?

  Str。 One is the hunting of tame; and the other of wild animals。

  Theaet。 But are tame animals ever hunted?

  Str。 Yes; if you include man under tame animals。 But if 

you like you

may say that there are no tame animals; or that; if there are; man

is not among them; or you may say that man is a tame animal 

but is not

hunted…you shall decide which of these alternatives you prefer。

  Theaet。 I should say; Stranger; that man is a tame animal; and I

admit that he is hunted。

  Str。 Then let us divide the hunting of tame animals into two parts。

  Theaet。 How shall we make the division?

  Str。 Let us define piracy; man…stealing; tyranny; the 

whole military

art; by one name; as hunting with violence。

  Theaet。 Very good。

  Str。 But the art of the lawyer; of the popular orator; and the art

of conversation may be called in one word the art of persuasion。

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 And of persuasion; there may be said to be two kinds?

  Theaet。 What are they?

  Str。 One is private; and the other public。

  Theaet。 Yes; each of them forms a class。

  Str。 And of private hunting; one sort receives hire; and the other

brings gifts。

  Theaet。 I do not understand you。

  Str。 You seem never to have observed the manner in which lovers

hunt。

  Theaet。 To what do you refer?

  Str。 I mean that they lavish gifts on those whom they hunt in

addition to other inducements。

  Theaet。 Most true。

  Str。 Let us admit this; then; to be the amatory art。

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 But that sort of hireling whose conversation is pleasing and

who baits his hook only with pleasure and exacts nothing but his

maintenance in return; we should all; if I am not mistaken; describe

as possessing flattery or an art of making things pleasant。

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 And that sort; which professes to form acquaintances only for

the sake of virtue; and demands a reward in the shape of 

money; may be

fairly called by another name?

  Theaet。 To be sure。

  Str。 And what is the name? Will you tell me?

  Theaet。 It is obvious enough; for I believe that we have

discovered the Sophist: which is; as I conceive; the proper name for

the class described。

  Str。 Then now; Theaetetus; his art may be traced as a branch of

the appropriative; acquisitive family…which hunts

animals;…living…land…tame animals; which hunts man;…privately…for

hire;…taking money in exchange…having the semblance of education;

and this is termed Sophistry; and is a hunt after young men of

wealth and rank…such is the conclusion。

  Theaet。 Just so。

  Str。 Let us take another branch of his genealogy; for he is a

professor of a great and many sided art; and if we look back at what

has preceded we see that he presents another aspect; besides that of

which we are speaking。

  Theaet。 In what respect?

  Str。 There were two sorts of acquisitive art; the one 

concerned with

hunting; the other with exchange。

  Theaet。 There were。

  Str。 And of the art of exchange there are two divisions; the one

of giving; and the other of selling。

  Theaet。 Let us assume that。

  Str。 Next; will suppose the art of selling to be divided into two

parts。

  Theaet。 How?

  Str。 There is one part which is distinguished as the sale 

of a man's

own productions; another; which is the exchange of the works of

others。

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 And is not that part of exchange which takes place in 

the city;

being about half of the whole; termed retailing?

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 And that which exchanges the goods of one city for those of

another by selling and buying is the exchange of the merchant?

  Theaet。 To be sure。

  Str。 And you are aware that this exchange of the merchant is of

two kinds: it is partly concerned with food for the use of the body;

and partly with the food of the soul which is bartered and 

received in

exchange for money。

  Theaet。 What do you mean?

  Str。 You want to know what is the meaning of food for the soul;

the other kind you surely understand。

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 Take music in general and painting and marionette playing and

many other things; which are purchased in one city; and carried away

and sold in another…wares of the soul which are hawked about either

for the sake of instruction or amusement;…may not he who takes them

about and sells them be quite as truly called a merchant as he who

sells meats and drinks?

  Theaet。 To be sure he may。

  Str。 And would you not call by the same name him who buys up

knowledge and goes about from city to city exchanging his wares for

money?

  Theaet。 Certainly I should。

  Str。 Of this merchandise of the soul; may not one part be fairly

termed the art of display? And there is another part which is

certainly not less ridiculous; but being a trade in learning must be

called by some name germane to the matter?

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 The latter should have two names;…one descriptive of the sale

of the knowledge of virtue; and the other of the sale of other kinds

of knowledge。

  Theaet。 Of course。

  Str。 The name of art…seller corresponds well enough to the latter;

but you must try and tell me the name of the other。

  Theaet。 He must be the Sophist; whom we are seeking; no other name

can possibly be right。

  Str。 No other; and so this trader in virtue again turns out to be

our friend the Sophist; whose art may now be traced from the art of

acquisition through exchange; trade; merchandise; to a merchandise

of the soul which is concerned with speech and the knowledge of

virtue。

  Theaet。 Quite true。

  Str。 And there may be a third reappearance of him;…for he may have

settled down in a city; and may fabricate as well as buy these same

wares; intending to live by selling them; and he would still 

be called

a Sophist?

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 Then that part of acquisitive art which exchanges; and of

exchange which either sells a man's own productions or retails those

of others; as the case may be; and in either way sells the knowledge

of virtue; you would again term Sophistry?

  Theaet。 I must; if I am to keep pace with the argument。

  Str。 Let us consider once more whether there may not be yet

another aspect of sophistry。

  Theaet。 What is it?

  Str。 In the acquisitive there was a subdivision of the combative

or fighti

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