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                 A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS 



              A RECORD OF 

              BUDDHISTIC 

                 KINGDOMS 



Translated and annotated with a Corean recension of the Chinese 

                                   text 

                       BY JAMES LEGGE 



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                        A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS 



                                   PREFACE 



     Several times during my long residence in Hong Kong I endeavoured 

to read through the ;Narrative of Fa´hien�察─�but though interested with the 

graphic details of much of the work�察�its columns bristled so constantly 

now with his phonetic representations of Sanskrit words�察�and now with his 

substitution for them of their meanings in Chinese characters�察�and I was�察�

moreover�察     �so   much    occupied     with    my   own     special   labours    on   the 

Confucian Classics�察�that my success was far from satisfactory。 When Dr。 

Eitel's ;Handbook for the Student of Chinese Buddhism; appeared in 1870�察�

the difficulty occasioned by the Sanskrit words and names was removed�察�

but the other difficulty remained�察�and I was not able to look into the book 

again for several years。 Nor had I much inducement to do so in the two 

copies of it which I had been able to procure�察�on poor paper�察�and printed 

from blocks badly cut at first�察�and so worn with use as to yield books the 

reverse of attractive in their appearance to the student。 

     In the meantime I kept studying the subject of Buddhism from various 

sources�察�and in 1878 began to lecture�察�here in Oxford�察�on the Travels with 

my   Davis   Chinese   scholar�察  �who   was   at   the   same   time   Boden   Sanskrit 

scholar。 As we went on�察�I wrote out a translation in English for my own 

satisfaction   of   nearly   half   the   narrative。   In   the   beginning   of   last   year   I 

made Fa´hien again the subject of lecture�察�wrote out a second translation�察�

independent of the former�察�and pushed on till I had completed the whole。 

     The want of a good and clear text had been supplied by my friend�察�Mr。 

Bunyiu Nanjio�察 �who   sent to   me   from  Japan a   copy�察 �the   text   of   which   is 

appended   to   the   translation   and   notes�察  �and   of   the   nature   of   which   some 

account is given in the Introduction�察�and towards the end of this Preface。 

     The present work consists of three parts�此�the Translation of Fa´hien's 

Narrative of his Travels�察�copious Notes�察�and the Chinese Text of my copy 

from Japan。 

     It is for the Translation that I hold myself more especially responsible。 

Portions   of   it   were   written   out   three   times�察  �and   the   whole   of   it   twice。 

While   preparing   my   own   version   I   made   frequent   reference   to   previous 



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                         A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS 



translations��those   of   M。  Abel   Remusat�察   �Revu�察  �complete�察  �et   augmente 

d'eclaircissements nouveaux par MM。 Klaproth et Landress; ��Paris�察�1836���察�

of the Rev。 Samuel Beal ��London�察�1869���察�and his revision of it�察�prefixed to 

his ;Buddhist Records of the Western World; ��Trubner's Oriental Series�察�

1884���察�and of Mr。 Herbert A。 Giles�察�of H。M。's Consular Service in China 

��1877��。  To   these   I   have   to   add   a   series   of   articles   on   ;Fa´hsien   and   his 

English Translators�察─�by Mr。 T。 Watters�察�British Consul at I´Chang ��China 

Review�察 �1879�察 �1880��。 Those   articles   are  of   the   highest   value�察  �displaying 

accuracy of Chinese scholarship and an extensive knowledge of Buddhism。 

I have regretted that Mr。 Watters�察�while reviewing others�察�did not himself 

write out and publish a version of the whole of Fa´hien's narrative。 If he 

had done so�察�I should probably have thought that�察�on the whole�察�nothing 

more remained to be done for the distinguished Chinese pilgrim in the way 

of translation。 Mr。 Watters had to judge of the comparative merits of the 

versions     of   Beal   and    Giles�察  �and   pronounce      on   the   many    points    of 

contention   between   them。   I   have   endeavoured   to   eschew   those   matters�察�

and     have   seldom     made     remarks     of  a   critical  nature    in  defence     of 

renderings of my own。 

     The Chinese narrative runs on without any break。 It was Klaproth who 

divided Remusat's translation into forty chapters。 The division is helpful to 

the reader�察�and I have followed it excepting in three or four instances。 In 

the   reprinted   Chinese   text   the   chapters   are   separated   by   a   circle   in   the 

column。 

     In   transliterating   the   names   of   Chinese   characters   I   have   generally 

followed the spelling of Morrison rather than the Pekinese�察�which is now 

in   vogue。   We   cannot   tell   exactly   what   the   pronunciation   of   them   was�察�

about fifteen hundred years ago�察�in the time of Fa´hien�察�but the southern 

mandarin must be a shade nearer to it than that of Peking at the present 

day。 In transliterating the Indian names I have for the most part followed 

Dr。   Eitel�察  �with   such   modification   as   seemed   good   and   in   harmony   with 

growing usage。 

     For the Notes I can do little more than claim the merit of selection and 

condensation。   My   first   object   in   them   was   to   explain   what   in   the   text 

required explanation to an English reader。 All Chinese texts�察�and Buddhist 



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                         A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS 



texts especially�察�are new to foreign students。 One has to do for them what 

many hundreds of the ablest scholars in Europe have done for the Greek 

and Latin Classics during several hundred years�察�and what the thousands 

of critics and commentators have been doing of our Sacred Scriptures for 

nearly    eighteen    centuries。    There    are  few   predecessors      in  the  field  of 

Chinese literature into whose labours translators of the present century can 

enter。    This   will  be   received�察   �I  hope�察  �as  a  sufficient   apology     for  the 

minuteness and length of some of the notes。 A second object in them was 

to   teach   myself    first�察 �and   then   others�察  �something     of   the  history   and 

doctrines of Buddhism。 I have thought that they might be learned better in 

connexion   with   a   lively   narrative   like   that   of   Fa´hien   than   by   reading 

didactic   descriptions   and   argumentative   books。   Such   has   been   my   own 

experience。 The books which I have consulted for these notes have been 

many�察  �besides   Chinese   works。   My   principal   help   has   been   the   full   and 

masterly   handbook   of   Eitel�察  �mentioned   already�察  �and   often   referred   to   as 

E。H。     Spence     Hardy's    ;Eastern    Monachism;        ��E。M。��    and    ;Manual     of 

Buddhism; ��M。B。�� have been constantly in hand�察�as well as Rhys Davids' 

Buddhism�察�published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge�察�

his Hibbert Lectures�察�and his Buddhist Suttas in the Sacred Books of the 

East�察  �and   other   writings。   I   need   not   mention   other   authorities�察  �having 

endeavoured       always    to  specify    them   where     I  make   use   of  them。    My 

proximity and access to the Bodleian Library and the Indian Institute have 

been of great advantage。 

     I may be allowed to say that�察�so far as my own study of it has gone�察�I 

think there are many things in the vast field of Buddhist literature which 

still require to be carefully handled。 How far�察�for instance�察�are we entitled 

to regard the present Sutras as genuine and sufficiently accurate copies of 

those which were accepted by the Councils before our Christian era�拭�Can 

anything      be   done    to  trace   the  rise   of  the   legends    and    marvels    of 

Sakyamuni's history�察�which were current so early ��as it seems to us�� as the 

time of Fa´hien�察�and which startle us so frequently by similarities between 

them and narratives in our Gospels�拭�Dr。 Hermann Oldenberg�察�certainly a 

great authority on Buddhistic subjects�察�says that ;a biography of Buddha 

has not come down to us from ancient times�察�from the age of the Pali texts�察�



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                         A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS 



and�察  �we   can   safely   say�察  �no   such   biography   existed   then;   �─�BuddhaHis 

Life�察�His Doctrine�察�His Order�察─�as translated by Hoey�察�p。 78��。 He has also 

��in   the   same   work�察  �pp。   99�察  �416�察  �417��   come   to   the   conclusion   that   the 

hitherto unchallenged tradition that the Buddha was ;a king's son; must be 

given   up。   The   name   ;king's   son;   ��in   Chinese   ��。。。�����察  �always   used   of   the 

Buddha�察  �certainly   requires   to   be   understood   in   the   highest   sense。   I   am 

content myself to wait for further information on these and other points�察�as 

the result of prolonged and careful research。 

     Dr。   Rhys   Davids   has   kindly   read   the   proofs   of   the   Translation   and 

Notes�察�and I most certainly thank him for doing so�察�for his many valuable 

corrections in the Notes�察�and for other suggestions which I have received 

from him。 I may not always think on various points exactly as he does�察�but 

I am not more forward than he is to say with Horace�察�

        ;Nullius addictus jurare in verba magistri。; 

     I have referred above�察�and also in the Introduction�察�to the Corean text 

of Fa´hien's narrative�察�which I received from Mr。 Nanjio。 It is on the whole 

so much superior to the better´known texts�察�that I determined to attempt to 

reproduce it at the end of the little volume�察�so far as our resources here in 

Oxford would permit。 To do so has not been an easy task。 

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