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及2何蛍

a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及2何蛍

弌傍�� a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




Oxford would permit。 To do so has not been an easy task。 The two fonts of 

Chinese types in the Clarendon Press were prepared primarily for printing 

the   translation   of   our   Sacred   Scriptures�察  �and   then   extended   so   as   to   be 

available for printing also the Confucian Classics�察�but the Buddhist work 

necessarily   requires   many   types   not   found   in   them�察  �while   many   other 

characters in the Corean recension are peculiar in their forms�察�and some 

are    what     Chinese     dictionaries     denominate       ;vulgar。;    That    we    have 

succeeded   so   well   as   we   have   done   is   owing  chiefly  to   the   intelligence�察�

ingenuity�察�and untiring attention of Mr。 J。 C。 Pembrey�察�the Oriental Reader。 

     The   pictures   that    have   been    introduced     were   taken   from   a    superb 

edition   of   a   History   of   Buddha�察  �republished   recently   at   Hang´chau   in 

Cheh´kiang�察�and profusely illustrated in the best style of Chinese art。 I am 

indebted for the use of it to the Rev。 J。 H。 Sedgwick�察�University Chinese 

Scholar。 

     James Legge。 

     Oxford�此�June�察�1886。 



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                         A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS 



     �А�PICTURE�此�SKETCH MAP OF FA´HIEN'S TRAVELS �А�

     The accompanying Sketch´Map�察�taken in connexion with the notes on 

the   different   places   in   the   Narrative�察  �will   give   the   reader   a   sufficiently 

accurate knowledge of Fa´hien's route。 

     There is no difficulty in laying it down after he crossed the Indus from 

east to west into the Punjab�察�all the principal places�察�at which he touched 

or   rested�察  �having     been   determined      by   Cunningham       and    other   Indian 

geographers   and   archaeologists。   Most   of   the   places   from   Ch'ang´   an   to 

Bannu have also been identified。 Woo´e has been put down as near Kutcha�察�

or   Kuldja�察  �in   43d   25s   N。�察 �81d   15s   E。   The   country   of   K'ieh´ch'a    was 

probably   Ladak�察      �but  I  am   inclined    to  think   that  the  place    where    the 

traveller crossed the Indus and entered it must have been further east than 

Skardo。 A doubt is intimated on page 24 as to the identification of T'o´leih 

with   Darada�察  �but   Greenough's   ;Physical   and   Geological   Sketch´Map   of 

British   India;   shows   ;Dardu   Proper�察─  �all   lying   on   the   east   of   the   Indus�察�

exactly in the position where the Narrative would lead us to place it。 The 

point at which Fa´hien recrossed the Indus into Udyana on the west of it is 

unknown。 Takshasila�察�which he visited�察�was no doubt on the west of the 

river�察  �and   has   been   incorrectly   accepted   as   the   Taxila   of   Arrian   in   the 

Punjab。      It   should    be    written    Takshasira�察     �of   which     the    Chinese 

phonetisation will allow��see a note of Beal in his ;Buddhist Records of 

the Western World�察─�i。 138。 

     We must suppose that Fa´hien went on from  Nan´king to Ch'ang´an�察�

but the Narrative does not record the fact of his doing so。 



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                        A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS 



                         INTRODUCTION 



     Life of Fa´Hien�察�Genuineness and Integrity of the Text of his Narrative�察�

Number of the Adherents of Buddhism。 

     1。 Nothing of great importance is known about Fa´hien in addition to 

what may be gathered from his own record of his travels。 I have read the 

accounts of him in the ;Memoirs of Eminent Monks�察─�compiled in A。D。 

519�察�and a later work�察�the ;Memoirs of Marvellous Monks�察─�by the third 

emperor of the Ming dynasty ��A。D。 1403´1424���察�which�察�however�察�is nearly 

all   borrowed   from   the   other�察  �and   all   in   them   that   has   an   appearance   of 

verisimilitude can be brought within brief compass。 

     His surname�察�they tell us�察�was Kung�察�and he was a native of Wu´yang 

in P'ing´Yang�察�which is still the name of a large department in Shan´hsi。 

He  had   three   brothers older   than   himself�察  �but   when   they  all   died   before 

shedding   their   first   teeth�察  �his   father   devoted   him   to   the   service   of   the 

Buddhist society�察�and had him entered as a Sramanera�察�still keeping him at 

home   in   the   family。   The   little   fellow   fell   dangerously   ill�察  �and   the   father 

sent him to the monastery�察�where he soon got well and refused to return to 

his parents。 

     When he was ten years old�察�his father died�察�and an uncle�察�considering 

the   widowed   solitariness   and   helplessness   of   the   mother�察  �urged   him   to 

renounce the monastic life�察�and return to her�察�but the boy replied�察 �I did not 

quit   the   family   in   compliance   with    my   father's   wishes�察  �but   because    I 

wished to be far from the dust and vulgar ways of life。 This is why I chose 

monkhood。; The uncle approved of his words and gave over urging him。 

When his mother also died�察�it appeared how great had been the affection 

for her of his fine nature�察�but after her burial he returned to the monastery。 

     On one occasion he was cutting rice with a score or two of his fellow´ 

disciples�察�when some hungry thieves came upon them to take away their 

grain by force。 The other Sramaneras all fled�察�but our young hero stood his 

ground�察�and said to the thieves�察 �If you must have the grain�察�take what you 

please。 But�察�Sirs�察�it was your former neglect of charity which brought you 

to your present state of destitution�察�and now�察�again�察�you wish to rob others。 



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                         A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS 



I am afraid that in the coming ages you will have still greater poverty and 

distress��I am sorry for you beforehand。; With these words he followed 

his   companions   into   the   monastery�察  �while   the   thieves   left   the   grain   and 

went   away�察  �all   the   monks�察  �of   whom   there   were   several   hundred�察  �doing 

homage to his conduct and courage。 

     When he had finished his noviciate and taken on him the obligations 

of   the   full   Buddhist   orders�察  �his   earnest   courage�察  �clear   intelligence�察  �and 

strict   regulation   of   his   demeanour   were   conspicuous�察  �and   soon   after�察  �he 

undertook his journey to India in search of complete copies of the Vinaya´ 

pitaka。 What follows this is merely an account of his travels in India and 

return    to  China     by  sea�察  �condensed      from    his  own    narrative�察   �with   the 

addition of some marvellous incidents that happened to him�察�on his visit to 

the Vulture Peak near Rajagriha。 

     It is said in the end that after his return to China�察�he went to the capital 

��evidently  Nanking���察  �and   there�察  �along   with   the   Indian   Sramana   Buddha´ 

bhadra�察�executed translations of some of the works which he had obtained 

in India�察�and that before he had done all that he wished to do in this way�察�

he    removed     to  King´chow       ��in  the   present    Hoo´pih���察    �and   died   in  the 

monastery of Sin�察�at the age of eighty´eight�察�to the great sorrow of all who 

knew him。 It is added that there is another larger work giving an account 

of his travels in various countries。 

     Such   is   all   the   information   given   about   our   author�察  �beyond   what   he 

himself has told us。 Fa´hien was his clerical name�察�and means ;Illustrious 

in   the   Law�察─  �or   ;Illustrious   master   of   the   Law。;   The   Shih   which   often 

precedes it is an abbreviation of the name of Buddha as Sakyamuni�察 �the 

Sakya�察 �mighty in Love�察�dwelling in Seclusion and Silence�察─�and may be 

taken as equivalent to Buddhist。 It is sometimes said to have belonged to 

;the eastern Tsin dynasty; ��A。D。 317´419���察�and sometimes to ;the Sung�察─�

that is�察�the Sung dynasty of the House of Liu ��A。D。 420´478��。 If he became 

a full monk at the age of twenty�察�and went to India when he was twenty´ 

five�察�his long life may have been divided pretty equally between the two 

dynasties。 

     2。   If   there   were   ever   another   and   larger   account   of   Fa´hien's   travels 

than the narrative of which a translation is now given�察�it has long ceased to 



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                          A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS 



be in existence。 

     In the Catalogue of the imperial library of the Suy dynasty ��A。D。 589´ 

618���察  �the   name   Fa´hien   occurs   four   times。   Towards   the   end   of   the   last 

section   of   it   ��page   22���察  �after   a   reference   to   his   travels�察  �his   labours   in 

translation   at   Kin´ling   ��another   name   for   Nanking���察  �in   conjunction   with 

Buddha´bhadra�察�are described。 In the second section�察�page 15�察�we find ;A 

Record   of   Buddhistic   Kingdoms�察�with   a   note�察  �saying   that   it   was   the 

work      of   the   ;Sramana�察     �Fa´hien�察─    �and    again�察   �on   page     13�察  �we    have 

;Narrative of Fa´hien in two Books�察─�and ;Narrative of Fa´hien's Travels 

in one Book。; But all these three entries may possibly belong to different 

copies   of   the   same   work�察  �the   first   and   the   other   two   being   in   separate 

subdivisions of the Catalogue。 

     In the two Chinese copies of the narrative in my possession the title is 

;Record   of   Buddhistic   Kingdoms。;   In   the   Japanese   or   Corean   recension 

subjoined   to   this   translation�察  �the   title   is   twofold�察  �first�察   �Narrative   of   the 

Distinguished        Monk�察    �Fa´hien�察─    �and    then�察  �more    at  large�察   �Incidents     of 

Travels in India�察�by the Sramana of the Eastern Tsin�察�Fa´hien�察�recorded by 

himself。; 

     There is still earlier attestation of the existence of our little work than 

th

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