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及3何蛍

a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及3何蛍

弌傍�� a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




himself。; 

     There is still earlier attestation of the existence of our little work than 

the Suy Catalogue。 The Catalogue Raisonne of the imperial library of the 

present   dynasty   ��chap。   71��   mentions   two   quotations   from   it   by   Le   Tao´ 

yuen�察�a geographical writer of the dynasty of the Northern Wei ��A。D。 386´ 

584���察  �one   of   them   containing   89   characters�察  �and   the   other   276�察  �both   of 

them given as from the ;Narrative of Fa´hien。; 

     In   all   catalogues   subsequent   to   that   of   Suy   our   work   appears。   The 

evidence for its authenticity and genuineness is all that could be required。 

It   is   clear   to   myself   that   the   ;Record   of   Buddhistic   Kingdoms;   and   the 

;Narrative   of   his   Travels   by   Fa´hien;   were   designations   of   one   and   the 

same work�察�and that it is doubtful whether any larger work on the same 

subject     was     ever   current。    With     regard    to   the   text   subjoined     to   my 

translation�察�it was published in Japan in 1779。 The editor had before him 

four   recensions   of   the   narrative�察  �those   of   the   Sung   and   Ming   dynasties�察�

with appendixes on the names of certain characters in them�察�that of Japan�察�

and     that  of   Corea。    He    wisely    adopted     the   Corean     text�察  �published     in 



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                         A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS 



accordance with a royal rescript in 1726�察�so far as I can make out�察�but the 

different readings of the other texts are all given in top´notes�察�instead of 

foot´notes as with us�察�this being one of the points in which customs in the 

east and west go by contraries。 Very occasionally�察�the editor indicates by a 

single   character�察  �equivalent   to   ;right;   or   ;wrong�察─  �which   reading   in   his 

opinion is to be preferred。 In the notes to the present republication of the 

Corean text�察�S stands for Sung�察�M for Ming�察�and J for Japanese�察�R for right�察�

and W for wrong。 I have taken the trouble to give all the various readings 

��amounting to more than 300���察�partly as a curiosity and to make my text 

complete�察  �and      partly   to  show    how�察  �in  the   transcription    of  writings    in 

whatever language�察�such variations are sure to occur�察�

         ;maculae�察      �quas   aut   incuria   fudit�察    �Aut     humana     parum     cavit 

nature�察─�

     while    on   the   whole    they   very   slightly   affect   the   meaning     of  the 

document。 

     The   editors   of   the   Catalogue   Raisonne   intimate   their   doubts   of   the 

good taste and reliability of all Fa´hien's statements。 It offends them that 

he should call central India the ;Middle Kingdom�察─�and China�察�which to 

them   was   the   true   and   only   Middle   Kingdom�察  �but   ;a   Border   land�察�it 

offends them as the vaunting language of a Buddhist writer�察�whereas the 

reader will see in the expressions only an instance of what Fa´hien calls 

his ;simple straightforwardness。; 

     As   an   instance   of   his   unreliability   they   refer   to   his   account   of   the 

Buddhism        of  Khoten�察    �whereas     it  is  well   known�察    �they   say�察  �that   the 

Khoteners   from   ancient   times   till   now   have   been   Mohammedans��as   if 

they could have been so 170 years before Mohammed was born�察�and 222 

years   before   the   year   of   the   Hegira� �And   this   is   criticism  in   China。   The 

Catalogue was ordered by the K'ien´lung emperor in 1722。 Between three 

and four hundred of the ;Great Scholars; of the empire were engaged on it 

in   various    departments�察     �and   thus   egregiously     ignorant    did   they   show 

themselves of all beyond the limits of their own country�察�and even of the 

literature of that country itself。 

     Much      of  what    Fa´hien    tells  his  readers   of   Buddhist     miracles    and 

legends is indeed unreliable and grotesque�察�but we have from him the truth 



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as to what he saw and heard。 

     3。   In   concluding   this   introduction   I   wish   to   call   attention   to   some 

estimates   of   the   number   of   Buddhists   in   the   world   which   have   become 

current�察�believing�察�as I do�察�that the smallest of them is much above what is 

correct。 

     i。 In a note on the first page of his work on the Bhilsa Topes ��1854���察�

General   Cunningham   says�此   �The   Christians   number   about   270   millions�察�

the Buddhists about 222 millions�察�who are distributed as follows�此�China 

170 millions�察�Japan 25�察�Anam 14�察�Siam 3�察�Ava 8�察�Nepal 1�察�and Ceylon 1�察�

total�察�222 millions。; 

     ii。 In his article on M。 J。 Barthelemy Saint Hilaire's ;Le Bouddha et sa 

Religion�察─  �republished   in   his   ;Chips   from   a   German   Workshop�察─  �vol。   i。 

��1868���察 �Professor   Max   Muller   ��p。   215��  says�察   �The   young   prince   became 

the founder of a religion which�察�after more than two thousand years�察�is still 

professed by 455 millions of human beings�察─�and he appends the following 

note�此 �Though truth is not settled by majorities�察�it would be interesting to 

know which religion counts at the present moment the largest numbers of 

believers。 Berghaus�察�in his 'Physical Atlas��' gives the following division of 

the human race according to religion��'Buddhists 31。2 per cent�察�Christians 

30。7�察�Mohammedans 15。7�察�Brahmanists 13。4�察�Heathens 8。7�察�and Jews 0。3。' 

As    Berghaus      does    not  distinguish     the   Buddhists     in   China    from    the 

followers   of   Confucius   and   Laotse�察  �the   first   place   on   the   scale   really 

belongs to Christianity。 It is difficult to say to what religion a man belongs�察�

as the same person may profess two or three。 The emperor himself�察�after 

sacrificing   according   to   the   ritual   of   Confucius�察  �visits   a  Tao´sse   temple�察�

and     afterwards     bows    before    an   image    of   Fo   in  a   Buddhist     chapel。 

��'Melanges Asiatiques de St。 Petersbourg��' vol。 ii。 p。 374。��; 

     iii。  Both    these   estimates    are  exceeded     by   Dr。   T。  W。   Rhys    Davids 

��intimating also the uncertainty of the statements�察�and that numbers are no 

evidence of truth�� in the introduction to his ;Manual of Buddhism。; The 

Buddhists there appear as amounting in all to 500 millions��30 millions of 

Southern   Buddhists�察  �in   Ceylon�察  �Burma�察  �Siam�察 �Anam�察  �and   India   ��Jains���察�

and   470   millions   of   North   Buddhists�察  �of   whom   nearly   33   millions   are 

assigned   to   Japan�察  �and   414��686��974   to   the   eighteen   provinces   of   China 



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proper。   According       to  him�察  �Christians   amount      to   about   26   per  cent   of 

mankind�察�Hindus to about 13�察�Mohammedans to about 12 1/2�察�Buddhists 

to about 40�察�and Jews to about 1/2。 

     In regard to all these estimates�察�it will be observed that the immense 

numbers assigned to Buddhism are made out by the multitude of Chinese 

with which it is credited。 Subtract Cunningham's 170 millions of Chinese 

from   his   total   of   222�察  �and   there   remains   only   52   millions   of   Buddhists。 

Subtract Davids' ��say�� 414 1/2 millions of Chinese from his total of 500�察�

and   there   remain   only   85   1/2   millions   for   Buddhism。   Of   the   numbers 

assigned to other countries�察�as well as of their whole populations�察�I am in 

considerable   doubt�察  �excepting   in   the   cases   of   Ceylon   and   India�察  �but   the 

greatness of the estimates turns upon the immense multitudes said to be in 

China。 I do not know what total population Cunningham allowed for that 

country�察�nor on what principal he allotted 170 millions of it to Buddhism�察� 

´perhaps     he   halved    his  estimate    of   the  whole�察   �whereas     Berghaus     and 

Davids   allotted   to   it   the   highest   estimates   that   have   been   given   of   the 

people。 

     But we have no certain information of the population of China。 At an 

interview with the former Chinese ambassador�察�Kwo Sung´tao�察�in Paris�察�in 

1878�察�I begged him to write out for me the amount�察�with the authority for 

it�察  �and   he   assured   me   that   it   could   not   be   done。   I   have   read   probably 

almost everything that has been published on the subject�察�and endeavoured 

by   methods   of   my   own   to   arrive   at   a   satisfactory   conclusion��without 

reaching      a  result  which     I  can   venture    to  lay   before   the   public。   My 

impression has been that 400 millions is hardly an exaggeration。 

     But   supposing   that   we   had   reliable   returns   of   the   whole   population�察�

how shall we proceed to apportion that among Confucianists�察�Taoists�察�and 

Buddhists�拭�Confucianism is the orthodoxy of China。 The common name 

for it is Ju Chiao�察 �the Doctrines held by the Learned Class�察─�entrance into 

the circle of which is�察�with a few insignificant exceptions�察�open to all the 

people。     The   mass    of   them    and   the  masses     under    their  influence     are 

preponderatingly Confucian�察�and in the observance of ancestral worship�察�

the   most   remarkable   feature   of   the   religion   proper   of   China   from   the 

earliest times�察�of which Confucius was not the author but the prophet�察�an 



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                          A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS 



overwhelming majority are regular and assiduous。 

     Among   ;the   strange   principles;   which   the   emperor   of   the   K'ang´hsi 

period�察  �in   one   of   his   famous   Sixteen   Precepts�察  �exhorted   his   people   to 

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��

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