a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及4何蛍
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
period�察 �in one of his famous Sixteen Precepts�察 �exhorted his people to
;discountenance and put away�察 �in order to exalt the correct doctrine�察─�
Buddhism and Taoism were both included。 If�察�as stated in the note quoted
from Professor Muller�察�the emperor countenances both the Taoist worship
and the Buddhist�察�he does so for reasons of state��to please especially his
Buddhist subjects in Thibet and Mongolia�察 �and not to offend the many
whose superstitious fancies incline to Taoism。
When I went out and in as a missionary among the Chinese people for
about thirty years�察�it sometimes occurred to me that only the inmates of
their monasteries and the recluses of both systems should be enumerated
as Buddhists and Taoists�察�but I was in the end constrained to widen that
judgment�察�and to admit a considerable following of both among the people�察�
who have neither received the tonsure nor assumed the yellow top。 Dr。
Eitel�察 �in concluding his discussion of this point in his ;Lecture on
Buddhism�察�an Event in History�察─�says�此 �It is not too much to say that most
Chinese are theoretically Confucianists�察 �but emotionally Buddhists or
Taoists。 But fairness requires us to add that�察�though the mass of the people
are more or less influenced by Buddhist doctrines�察 �yet the people�察 �as a
whole�察 �have no respect for the Buddhist church�察 �and habitually sneer at
Buddhist priests。; For the ;most; in the former of these two sentences I
would substitute ;nearly all�察─ �and between my friend's ;but; and
;emotionally; I would introduce ;many are�察─�and would not care to contest
his conclusion farther。 It does seem to me preposterous to credit Buddhism
with the whole of the vast population of China�察 �the great majority of
whom are Confucianists。 My own opinion is�察�that its adherents are not so
many as those even of Mohammedanism�察 �and that instead of being the
most numerous of the religions ��so called�� of the world�察�it is only entitled
to occupy the fifth place�察 �ranking below Christianity�察 �Confucianism�察�
Brahmanism�察�and Mohammedanism�察�and followed�察�some distance off�察�by
Taoism。 To make a table of per´centages of mankind�察�and assign to each
system its proportion�察 �is to seem to be wise where we are deplorably
ignorant�察 �and�察 �moreover�察 �if our means of information were much better
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than they are�察 �our figures would merely show the outward adherence。 A
fractional per´centage might tell more for one system than a very large
integral one for another。
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CHAPTER I
FROM CH'ANG´GAN TO THE SANDY DESERT
Fa´hien had been living in Ch'ang´gan。��1�А�Deploring the mutilated and
imperfect state of the collection of the Books of Discipline�察�in the second
year of the period Hwang´che�察�being the Ke´hae year of the cycle�撮�2�А�he
entered into an engagement with Kwuy´king�察�Tao´ching�察�Hwuy´ying�察�and
Hwuy´wei�撮�3�А�that they should go to India and seek for the Disciplinary
Rules。��4�А�
After starting from Ch'ang´gan�察 �they passed through Lung�撮�5�А �and
came to the kingdom of K'een´kwei�撮�6�А �where they stopped for the
summer retreat。��7�А�When that was over�察�they went forward to the kingdom
of Now´t'an�撮�8�А �crossed the mountain of Yang´low�察 �and reached the
emporium of Chang´yih。��9�А �There they found the country so much
disturbed that travelling on the roads was impossible for them。 Its king�察�
however�察�was very attentive to them�察�kept them ��in his capital���察�and acted
the part of their danapati。��10�А�
Here they met with Che´yen�察 �Hwuy´keen�察 �Sang´shao�察 �Pao´yun�察 �and
Sang´ king�撮�11�А �and in pleasant association with them�察 �as bound on the
same journey with themselves�察 �they passed the summer retreat ��of that
year����12�А�together�察�resuming after it their travelling�察�and going on to T'un´
hwang�撮�13�А。�the chief town�� in the frontier territory of defence extending
for about 80 le from east to west�察�and about 40 from north to south。 Their
company�察�increased as it had been�察�halted there for some days more than a
month�察�after which Fa´hien and his four friends started first in the suite of
an envoy�撮�14�А �having separated ��for a time�� from Pao´yun and his
associates。
Le Hao�撮�15�А �the prefect of T'un´hwang�察 �had supplied them with the
means of crossing the desert ��before them���察�in which there are many evil
demons and hot winds。 ��Travellers�� who encounter them perish all to a
man。 There is not a bird to be seen in the air above�察�nor an animal on the
ground below。 Though you look all round most earnestly to find where
you can cross�察�you know not where to make your choice�察�the only mark
and indication being the dry bones of the dead ��left upon the sand��。��16�А�
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NOTES
��1�А�Ch'ang´gan is still the name of the principal district ��and its city�� in
the department of Se´gan�察 �Shen´se。 It had been the capital of the first
empire of Han ��B。C。 202´A。D。 24���察 �as it subsequently was that of Suy
��A。D。 589´618��。 The empire of the eastern Tsin�察 �towards the close of
which Fa´hien lived�察�had its capital at or near Nan´king�察�and Ch'ang´gan
was the capital of the principal of the three Ts'in kingdoms�察�which�察�with
many other minor ones�察 �maintained a semi´ independence of Tsin�察 �their
rulers sometimes even assuming the title of emperor。
��2�А�The period Hwang´che embraced from A。D。 399 to 414�察�being the
greater portion of the reign of Yao Hing of the After Ts'in�察 �a powerful
prince。 He adopted Hwang´che for the style of his reign in 399�察�and the
cyclical name of that year was Kang´tsze。 It is not possible at this distance
of time to explain�察�if it could be explained�察�how Fa´hien came to say that
Ke´hae was the second year of the period。 It seems most reasonable to
suppose that he set out on his pilgrimage in A。D。 399�察�the cycle name of
which was Ke´hae�察�as ��。���察�the second year�察�instead of ��。���察�the first�察�might
easily creep into the text。 In the ;Memoirs of Eminent Monks; it is said
that our author started in the third year of the period Lung´gan of the
eastern Tsin�察�which was A。D。 399。
��3�А �These�察 �like Fa´hien itself�察 �are all what we might call ;clerical;
names�察�appellations given to the parties as monks or sramanas。
��4�А �The Buddhist tripitaka or canon consists of three collections�察�
containing�察�according to Eitel ��p。 150���察 �doctrinal aphorisms ��or statements�察�
purporting to be from Buddha himself���察�works on discipline�察�and works on
metaphysics�此�called sutra�察�vinaya�察�and abhidharma�察�in Chinese�察�king ��。���察�
leuh ��。���察 �and lun ��。���察 �or texts�察 �laws or rules�察 �and discussions。 Dr。 Rhys
Davids objects to the designation of ;metaphysics; as used of the
abhidharma works�察 �saying that ;they bear much more the relation to
'dharma' which 'by´law' bears to 'law' than that which 'metaphysics' bears
to 'physics'; ��Hibbert Lectures�察�p。 49��。 However this be�察�it was about the
vinaya works that Fa´hien was chiefly concerned。 He wanted a good code
of the rules for the government of ;the Order; in all its internal and
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external relations。
��5�А�Lung embraced the western part of Shen´se and the eastern part of
Kan´suh。 The name remains in Lung Chow�察�in the extreme west of Shen´
se。
��6�А�K'een´kwei was the second king of ;the Western Ts'in。; His family
was of northern or barbarous origin�察�from the tribe of the Seen´pe�察�with the
surname of K'eih´fuh。 The first king was Kwo´kin�察 �and received his
appointment from the sovereign of the chief Ts'in kingdom in 385。 He was
succeeded in 388 by his brother�察�the K'een´kwei of the text�察�who was very
prosperous in 398�察�and took the title of king of Ts'in。 Fa´hien would find
him at his capital�察 �somewhere in the present department of Lan´chow�察�
Kan´suh。
��7�А �Under varshas or vashavasana ��Pali�察 �vassa�察 �Spence Hardy�察 �vass���察�
Eitel ��p。 163�� says�此�One of the most ancient institutions of Buddhist
discipline�察 �requiring all ecclesiastics to spend the rainy season in a
monastery in devotional exercises。 Chinese Buddhists naturally substituted
the hot season for the rainy ��from the 16th day of the 5th to the 15th of the
9th Chinese month��。;
��8�А �During the troubled period of the Tsin dynasty�察 �there were five
��usurping�� Leang sovereignties in the western part of the empire �┌�。�� ��。����。
The name Leang remains in the department of Leang´chow in the n