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及4何蛍

a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及4何蛍

弌傍�� a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




period�察  �in   one   of   his   famous   Sixteen   Precepts�察  �exhorted   his   people   to 

;discountenance   and   put   away�察  �in   order   to   exalt   the   correct   doctrine�察─�

Buddhism and Taoism were both included。 If�察�as stated in the note quoted 

from Professor Muller�察�the emperor countenances both the Taoist worship 

and the Buddhist�察�he does so for reasons of state��to please especially his 

Buddhist   subjects   in   Thibet   and   Mongolia�察  �and   not   to   offend   the   many 

whose superstitious fancies incline to Taoism。 

     When I went out and in as a missionary among the Chinese people for 

about thirty  years�察�it sometimes occurred to me   that only the inmates   of 

their monasteries and the recluses of both systems should be enumerated 

as Buddhists and Taoists�察�but I was in the end constrained to widen that 

judgment�察�and to admit a considerable following of both among the people�察�

who   have   neither   received   the   tonsure   nor   assumed   the   yellow   top。   Dr。 

Eitel�察   �in  concluding      his   discussion     of   this  point    in  his   ;Lecture     on 

Buddhism�察�an Event in History�察─�says�此 �It is not too much to say that most 

Chinese      are   theoretically     Confucianists�察     �but   emotionally      Buddhists     or 

Taoists。 But fairness requires us to add that�察�though the mass of the people 

are   more   or   less   influenced   by   Buddhist   doctrines�察  �yet   the   people�察  �as   a 

whole�察  �have   no   respect   for   the   Buddhist   church�察  �and   habitually   sneer   at 

Buddhist priests。; For the   ;most; in the former   of these two sentences   I 

would       substitute    ;nearly     all�察─ �and    between      my    friend's    ;but;    and 

;emotionally; I would introduce ;many are�察─�and would not care to contest 

his conclusion farther。 It does seem to me preposterous to credit Buddhism 

with   the   whole   of   the   vast   population   of   China�察  �the   great   majority   of 

whom are Confucianists。 My own opinion is�察�that its adherents are not so 

many   as   those   even   of   Mohammedanism�察  �and   that   instead   of   being   the 

most numerous of the religions ��so called�� of the world�察�it is only entitled 

to    occupy     the   fifth  place�察  �ranking     below     Christianity�察   �Confucianism�察�

Brahmanism�察�and Mohammedanism�察�and followed�察�some distance off�察�by 

Taoism。 To make a table of per´centages of mankind�察�and assign to each 

system   its   proportion�察  �is   to   seem   to   be   wise   where   we   are   deplorably 

ignorant�察  �and�察  �moreover�察  �if   our   means   of   information   were   much   better 



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than they  are�察  �our   figures   would   merely  show   the outward   adherence。 A 

fractional   per´centage   might   tell   more   for   one   system   than   a   very   large 

integral one for another。 



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                        A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS 



                                CHAPTER I 



               FROM CH'ANG´GAN TO THE SANDY DESERT 

     Fa´hien had been living in Ch'ang´gan。��1�А�Deploring the mutilated and 

imperfect state of the collection of the Books of Discipline�察�in the second 

year of the period Hwang´che�察�being the Ke´hae year of the cycle�撮�2�А�he 

entered into an engagement with Kwuy´king�察�Tao´ching�察�Hwuy´ying�察�and 

Hwuy´wei�撮�3�А�that they should go to   India and seek for the  Disciplinary 

Rules。��4�А�

     After    starting  from   Ch'ang´gan�察     �they   passed   through    Lung�撮�5�А   �and 

came     to  the   kingdom     of   K'een´kwei�撮�6�А     �where    they   stopped    for  the 

summer retreat。��7�А�When that was over�察�they went forward to the kingdom 

of   Now´t'an�撮�8�А     �crossed    the  mountain     of   Yang´low�察    �and   reached    the 

emporium       of   Chang´yih。��9�А     �There    they   found    the  country     so  much 

disturbed   that   travelling on   the   roads   was impossible   for them。   Its   king�察�

however�察�was very attentive to them�察�kept them ��in his capital���察�and acted 

the part of their danapati。��10�А�

     Here   they   met   with   Che´yen�察  �Hwuy´keen�察  �Sang´shao�察  �Pao´yun�察  �and 

Sang´   king�撮�11�А  �and   in   pleasant   association   with   them�察  �as   bound   on   the 

same   journey   with   themselves�察  �they   passed   the   summer   retreat   ��of   that 

year����12�А�together�察�resuming after it their travelling�察�and going on to T'un´ 

hwang�撮�13�А。�the chief town�� in the frontier territory of defence extending 

for about 80 le from east to west�察�and about 40 from north to south。 Their 

company�察�increased as it had been�察�halted there for some days more than a 

month�察�after which Fa´hien and his four friends started first in the suite of 

an    envoy�撮�14�А    �having    separated    ��for   a  time��   from    Pao´yun     and   his 

associates。 

     Le   Hao�撮�15�А  �the   prefect   of   T'un´hwang�察  �had   supplied   them   with   the 

means of crossing the desert ��before them���察�in which there are many evil 

demons   and   hot   winds。   ��Travellers��   who   encounter   them   perish   all   to   a 

man。 There is not a bird to be seen in the air above�察�nor an animal on the 

ground   below。   Though   you   look   all   round   most   earnestly   to   find   where 

you can cross�察�you know not where to make your choice�察�the only mark 

and indication being the dry bones of the dead ��left upon the sand��。��16�А�



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                                           NOTES 



     ��1�А�Ch'ang´gan is still the name of the principal district ��and its city�� in 

the   department   of   Se´gan�察  �Shen´se。   It   had   been   the   capital   of   the   first 

empire   of   Han   ��B。C。   202´A。D。   24���察  �as   it   subsequently   was   that   of   Suy 

��A。D。   589´618��。   The   empire   of   the   eastern   Tsin�察  �towards   the   close   of 

which Fa´hien lived�察�had its capital at or near Nan´king�察�and Ch'ang´gan 

was the capital of the principal of the three Ts'in kingdoms�察�which�察�with 

many   other   minor   ones�察  �maintained   a   semi´   independence   of   Tsin�察  �their 

rulers sometimes even assuming the title of emperor。 

     ��2�А�The period Hwang´che embraced from A。D。 399 to 414�察�being the 

greater   portion   of   the   reign   of   Yao   Hing   of   the   After   Ts'in�察  �a   powerful 

prince。 He adopted Hwang´che for the style of his reign in 399�察�and the 

cyclical name of that year was Kang´tsze。 It is not possible at this distance 

of time to explain�察�if it could be explained�察�how Fa´hien came to say that 

Ke´hae   was   the   second   year   of   the   period。   It   seems   most   reasonable   to 

suppose that he set out on his pilgrimage in A。D。 399�察�the cycle name of 

which was Ke´hae�察�as ��。���察�the second year�察�instead of ��。���察�the first�察�might 

easily creep into the text。 In the ;Memoirs of Eminent Monks; it is said 

that   our   author   started   in   the   third   year   of   the   period   Lung´gan   of   the 

eastern Tsin�察�which was A。D。 399。 

     ��3�А  �These�察  �like   Fa´hien   itself�察  �are   all   what   we   might   call   ;clerical; 

names�察�appellations given to the parties as monks or sramanas。 

     ��4�А   �The   Buddhist     tripitaka    or  canon     consists   of   three   collections�察�

containing�察�according to Eitel ��p。 150���察 �doctrinal aphorisms ��or statements�察�

purporting to be from Buddha himself���察�works on discipline�察�and works on 

metaphysics�此�called sutra�察�vinaya�察�and abhidharma�察�in Chinese�察�king ��。���察�

leuh   ��。���察  �and   lun   ��。���察  �or   texts�察  �laws   or   rules�察  �and   discussions。   Dr。   Rhys 

Davids      objects    to   the   designation     of   ;metaphysics;       as   used    of  the 

abhidharma        works�察   �saying    that  ;they    bear   much     more    the  relation    to 

'dharma' which 'by´law' bears to 'law' than that which 'metaphysics' bears 

to 'physics'; ��Hibbert Lectures�察�p。 49��。 However this be�察�it was about the 

vinaya works that Fa´hien was chiefly concerned。 He wanted a good code 

of   the   rules   for   the   government   of   ;the   Order;   in   all   its   internal   and 



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                         A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS 



external relations。 

     ��5�А�Lung embraced the western part of Shen´se and the eastern part of 

Kan´suh。 The name remains in Lung Chow�察�in the extreme west of Shen´ 

se。 

     ��6�А�K'een´kwei was the second king of ;the Western Ts'in。; His family 

was of northern or barbarous origin�察�from the tribe of the Seen´pe�察�with the 

surname      of   K'eih´fuh。    The    first  king   was   Kwo´kin�察     �and   received    his 

appointment from the sovereign of the chief Ts'in kingdom in 385。 He was 

succeeded in 388 by his brother�察�the K'een´kwei of the text�察�who was very 

prosperous in 398�察�and took the title of king of Ts'in。 Fa´hien would find 

him   at   his   capital�察  �somewhere   in   the   present   department   of   Lan´chow�察�

Kan´suh。 

     ��7�А  �Under   varshas   or   vashavasana   ��Pali�察  �vassa�察  �Spence   Hardy�察  �vass���察�

Eitel   ��p。   163��   says�此�One   of   the   most   ancient   institutions   of   Buddhist 

discipline�察    �requiring    all  ecclesiastics     to  spend    the   rainy   season    in  a 

monastery in devotional exercises。 Chinese Buddhists naturally substituted 

the hot season for the rainy ��from the 16th day of the 5th to the 15th of the 

9th Chinese month��。; 

     ��8�А  �During   the   troubled   period   of   the   Tsin   dynasty�察  �there   were   five 

��usurping�� Leang sovereignties in the western part of the empire �┌�。�� ��。����。 

The name Leang remains in the department of Leang´chow in the n

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��

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