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及5何蛍

a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及5何蛍

弌傍�� a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




��usurping�� Leang sovereignties in the western part of the empire �┌�。�� ��。����。 

The name Leang remains in the department of Leang´chow in the northern 

part of Kan´suh。 The ;southern Leang; arose in 397 under a Tuh´fah Wu´ 

ku�察�who was succeeded in 399 by a brother�察�Le´luh´koo�察�and he again by 

his   brother�察   �the  Now´t'an     of   the  text�察 �in  402�察  �who    was    not   yet  king 

therefore   when   Fa´hien   and   his   friends   reached   his   capital。   How   he   is 

represented as being so may be accounted for in various ways�察�of which it 

is not necessary to write。 

     ��9�А�Chang´yih is still the name of a district in Kan´chow department�察�

Kan´suh。 It is a long way north and west from Lan´chow�察�and not far from 

the   Great   Wall。   Its   king   at   this   time   was�察  �probably�察  �Twan´yeh   of   ;the 

northern Leang。; 

     ��10�А   �Dana    is  the   name    for   religious    charity�察  �the  first  of   the  six 

paramitas�察�or   means   of   attaining   to   nirvana�察  �and   a  danapati   is   ;one   who 

practises dana and thereby crosses ��。�� the sea of misery。; It is given as ;a 



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title of honour to all who support the cause of Buddhism by acts of charity�察�

especially to founders and patrons of monasteries�察�see Eitel�察�p。 29。 

     ��11�А�Of these pilgrims with their clerical names�察�the most distinguished 

was   Pao´yun�察  �who   translated   various   Sanskrit   works   on   his   return   from 

India�察�of which only one seems to be now existing。 He died in 449。 See 

Nanjio's Catalogue of the Tripitaka�察�col。 417。 

     ��12�А�This was the second summer since the pilgrims left Ch'ang´gan。 

We are now therefore�察�probably�察�in A。D。 400。 

     ��13�А�T'un´hwang ��lat。 39d 40s N。�察�lon。 94d 50s E。�� is still the name of 

one   of   the   two   districts   constituting   the   department   of   Gan´se�察  �the   most 

western of the prefectures of Kan´suh�察�beyond the termination of the Great 

Wall。 

     ��14�А�Who this envoy was�察�and where he was going�察�we do not know。 

The text will not admit of any other translation。 

     ��15�А  �Le   Hao   was   a   native   of   Lung´se�察  �a   man   of   learning�察  �able   and 

kindly in his government。 He was appointed governor or prefect of T'un´ 

hwang by the king of ;the northern Leang�察─�in 400�察�and there he sustained 

himself�察�becoming by and by ;duke of western Leang�察─�till he died in 417。 

     ��16�А   �The   river   of   sand�察─  �the   great   desert   of   Kobi   or   Gobi�察  �having 

various other names。 It was a great task which the pilgrims had now before 

them��to   cross this   desert。 The   name   of   ;river; in   the Chinese   misleads 

the reader�察�and he thinks of crossing it as of crossing a stream�察�but they 

had to traverse it from east to west。 In his ;Vocabulary of Proper Names�察─�

p。   23�察  �Dr。   Porter   Smith   says�此�It   extends   from   the   eastern   frontier   of 

Mongolia�察�south´westward to   the  further   frontier  of Turkestan�察 �to   within 

six   miles    of   Ilchi�察 �the   chief  town   of  Khoten。   It   thus   comprises     some 

twenty´three degrees of longitude in length�察�and from three to ten degrees 

of   latitude   in   breadth�察  �being   about   2��100   miles   in   its   greatest   length。   In 

some   places   it   is   arable。   Some   idea   may   be   formed   of   the   terror   with 

which this 'Sea of Sand��' with its vast billows of shifting sands�察�is regarded�察�

from the legend that in one of the storms 360 cities were all buried within 

the space of twenty´four hours。; So also Gilmour's ;Among the Mongols�察─�

chap。 5。 



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                                CHAPTER II 



              ON TO SHEN´SHEN AND THENCE TO KHOTEN 

     After   travelling   for   seventeen   days�察  �a   distance   we   may   calculate   of 

about   1500   le�察  。�the   pilgrims��   reached   the   kingdom   of   Shen´shen�撮�1�А  �a 

country rugged and hilly�察�with a thin and barren soil。 The clothes of the 

common   people   are   coarse�察  �and   like   those   worn   in   our   land   of   Han�撮�2�А�

some wearing felt and others coarse serge or cloth of hair�察�this was the 

only difference seen among them。 The king professed ��our�� Law�察�and there 

might be in the country more than four thousand monks�撮�3�А�who were all 

students     of   the  hinayana。��4�А     �The    common      people    of   this  and    other 

kingdoms ��in that region���察�as well as the sramans�撮�5�А�all practise the rules 

of India�撮�6�А�only that the latter do so more exactly�察�and the former more 

loosely。 So ��the travellers�� found it in all the kingdoms through which they 

went   on   their   way   from   this   to   the   west�察  �only   that   each   had   its   own 

peculiar barbarous speech。��7�А。�The monks���察�however�察�who had ��given up 

the   worldly   life��   and   quitted   their   families�察  �were   all   students   of   Indian 

books and the Indian language。 Here they stayed for about a month�察�and 

then   proceeded   on   their   journey�察  �fifteen   days   walking   to   the   north´west 

bringing   them   to   the   country   of   Woo´e。��8�А  �In   this   also   there   were   more 

than four   thousand   monks�察�all   students of   the hinayana。 They  were   very 

strict in their rules�察�so that sramans from the territory of Ts'in��9�А�were all 

unprepared for their regulations。 Fa´hien�察�through the management of Foo 

Kung´sun�察�/maitre d'hotellerie/�撮�10�А�was able to remain ��with his company 

in   the   monastery   where   they   were   received��   for   more   than   two   months�察�

and here they were rejoined by Pao´yun and his friends。��11�А。�At the end of 

that   time��   the   people    of  Woo´e    neglected     the  duties   of  propriety   and 

righteousness�察�and treated the strangers in so niggardly a manner that Che´ 

yen�察   �Hwuy´keen�察      �and   Hwuy´     wei   went    back   towards     Kao´ch'ang�撮�12�А�

hoping to obtain there the means of continuing their journey。 Fa´hien and 

the rest�察�however�察�through the liberality of Foo Kung´sun�察�managed to go 

straight    forward     in   a  south´west     direction。    They     found    the   country 

uninhabited as they went along。 The difficulties which they encountered in 

crossing   the   streams   and   on   their   route�察  �and   the   sufferings   which   they 



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endured�察  �were   unparalleled   in   human   experience�察  �but   in   the   course   of   a 

month and five days they succeeded in reaching Yu´teen。��13�А�



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                                          NOTES 



     ��1�А�An account is given of the kingdom of Shen´shen in the 96th of the 

Books   of   the   first   Han   dynasty�察  �down   to   its   becoming   a   dependency   of 

China�察�about B。C。 80。 The greater portion of that is now accessible to the 

English     reader    in  a  translation    by   Mr。   Wylie    in   the  ;Journal     of  the 

Anthropological Institute�察─�August�察�1880。 Mr。 Wylie says�此 �Although we 

may     not   be   able   to  identify    Shen´shen      with   certainty�察   �yet  we    have 

sufficient indications to give an appropriate idea of its position�察�as being 

south of and not far from lake Lob。; He then goes into an exhibition of 

those   indications�察  �which   I   need   not   transcribe。   It   is   sufficient   for   us   to 

know that the capital city was not far from Lob or Lop Nor�察�into which in 

lon。 38d E。 the Tarim flows。 Fa´hien estimated its distance to be 1500 le 

from   T'un´hwang。   He   and   his   companions   must   have   gone   more   than 

twenty´five miles a day to accomplish the journey in seventeen days。 

     ��2�А�This is the name which Fa´hien always uses when he would speak 

of China�察�his native country�察�as a whole�察�calling it from the great dynasty 

which   had   ruled   it�察  �first   and   last�察  �for   between   four   and   five   centuries。 

Occasionally�察�as we shall immediately see�察�he speaks of ;the territory of 

Ts'in or Ch'in�察─�but intending thereby only the kingdom or Ts'in�察�having its 

capital�察�as described in the first note on the last chapter�察�in Ch'ang´gan。 

     ��3�А  �So   I   prefer   to   translate   the   character   ��。��   ��sang��   rather   than   by 

;priests。; Even in Christianity�察�beyond the priestly privilege which belongs 

to   all believers�察  �I   object   to   the   ministers of   any  denomination or   church 

calling themselves or being called ;priests�察─�and much more is the name 

inapplicable       to    the    sramanas      or    bhikshus      of   Buddhism        which 

acknowledges no God in the universe�察�no soul in man�察�and has no services 

of   sacrifice   or   prayer   in   its   worship。   The   only   difficulty   in   the   use   of 

;monks; is caused by the members of the sect in Japan which�察�since the 

middle     of   the  fifteenth   century�察   �has   abolished     the  prohibition     against 

marrying   on   the   part   of   its   ministers�察  �and   other   prohibitions   in   diet   and 

dress。 Sang and sang´kea represent the Sanskrit sangha�察�constituted by at 

least    four    members�察     �and    empowered        to   hear   confession�察     �to  grant 

absolution�察     �to  admit    persons    to  holy   orders�察   �&c。�察  �secondly�察   �the   third 



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constituent      of  the  Buddhistic      Trinity�察 �a   deification    of  the   /communio 

sanctorum/�察�or the Buddhist order。 The name is used by o

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