a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及5何蛍
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
��usurping�� Leang sovereignties in the western part of the empire �┌�。�� ��。����。
The name Leang remains in the department of Leang´chow in the northern
part of Kan´suh。 The ;southern Leang; arose in 397 under a Tuh´fah Wu´
ku�察�who was succeeded in 399 by a brother�察�Le´luh´koo�察�and he again by
his brother�察 �the Now´t'an of the text�察 �in 402�察 �who was not yet king
therefore when Fa´hien and his friends reached his capital。 How he is
represented as being so may be accounted for in various ways�察�of which it
is not necessary to write。
��9�А�Chang´yih is still the name of a district in Kan´chow department�察�
Kan´suh。 It is a long way north and west from Lan´chow�察�and not far from
the Great Wall。 Its king at this time was�察 �probably�察 �Twan´yeh of ;the
northern Leang。;
��10�А �Dana is the name for religious charity�察 �the first of the six
paramitas�察�or means of attaining to nirvana�察 �and a danapati is ;one who
practises dana and thereby crosses ��。�� the sea of misery。; It is given as ;a
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title of honour to all who support the cause of Buddhism by acts of charity�察�
especially to founders and patrons of monasteries�察�see Eitel�察�p。 29。
��11�А�Of these pilgrims with their clerical names�察�the most distinguished
was Pao´yun�察 �who translated various Sanskrit works on his return from
India�察�of which only one seems to be now existing。 He died in 449。 See
Nanjio's Catalogue of the Tripitaka�察�col。 417。
��12�А�This was the second summer since the pilgrims left Ch'ang´gan。
We are now therefore�察�probably�察�in A。D。 400。
��13�А�T'un´hwang ��lat。 39d 40s N。�察�lon。 94d 50s E。�� is still the name of
one of the two districts constituting the department of Gan´se�察 �the most
western of the prefectures of Kan´suh�察�beyond the termination of the Great
Wall。
��14�А�Who this envoy was�察�and where he was going�察�we do not know。
The text will not admit of any other translation。
��15�А �Le Hao was a native of Lung´se�察 �a man of learning�察 �able and
kindly in his government。 He was appointed governor or prefect of T'un´
hwang by the king of ;the northern Leang�察─�in 400�察�and there he sustained
himself�察�becoming by and by ;duke of western Leang�察─�till he died in 417。
��16�А �The river of sand�察─ �the great desert of Kobi or Gobi�察 �having
various other names。 It was a great task which the pilgrims had now before
them��to cross this desert。 The name of ;river; in the Chinese misleads
the reader�察�and he thinks of crossing it as of crossing a stream�察�but they
had to traverse it from east to west。 In his ;Vocabulary of Proper Names�察─�
p。 23�察 �Dr。 Porter Smith says�此�It extends from the eastern frontier of
Mongolia�察�south´westward to the further frontier of Turkestan�察 �to within
six miles of Ilchi�察 �the chief town of Khoten。 It thus comprises some
twenty´three degrees of longitude in length�察�and from three to ten degrees
of latitude in breadth�察 �being about 2��100 miles in its greatest length。 In
some places it is arable。 Some idea may be formed of the terror with
which this 'Sea of Sand��' with its vast billows of shifting sands�察�is regarded�察�
from the legend that in one of the storms 360 cities were all buried within
the space of twenty´four hours。; So also Gilmour's ;Among the Mongols�察─�
chap。 5。
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CHAPTER II
ON TO SHEN´SHEN AND THENCE TO KHOTEN
After travelling for seventeen days�察 �a distance we may calculate of
about 1500 le�察 。�the pilgrims�� reached the kingdom of Shen´shen�撮�1�А �a
country rugged and hilly�察�with a thin and barren soil。 The clothes of the
common people are coarse�察 �and like those worn in our land of Han�撮�2�А�
some wearing felt and others coarse serge or cloth of hair�察�this was the
only difference seen among them。 The king professed ��our�� Law�察�and there
might be in the country more than four thousand monks�撮�3�А�who were all
students of the hinayana。��4�А �The common people of this and other
kingdoms ��in that region���察�as well as the sramans�撮�5�А�all practise the rules
of India�撮�6�А�only that the latter do so more exactly�察�and the former more
loosely。 So ��the travellers�� found it in all the kingdoms through which they
went on their way from this to the west�察 �only that each had its own
peculiar barbarous speech。��7�А。�The monks���察�however�察�who had ��given up
the worldly life�� and quitted their families�察 �were all students of Indian
books and the Indian language。 Here they stayed for about a month�察�and
then proceeded on their journey�察 �fifteen days walking to the north´west
bringing them to the country of Woo´e。��8�А �In this also there were more
than four thousand monks�察�all students of the hinayana。 They were very
strict in their rules�察�so that sramans from the territory of Ts'in��9�А�were all
unprepared for their regulations。 Fa´hien�察�through the management of Foo
Kung´sun�察�/maitre d'hotellerie/�撮�10�А�was able to remain ��with his company
in the monastery where they were received�� for more than two months�察�
and here they were rejoined by Pao´yun and his friends。��11�А。�At the end of
that time�� the people of Woo´e neglected the duties of propriety and
righteousness�察�and treated the strangers in so niggardly a manner that Che´
yen�察 �Hwuy´keen�察 �and Hwuy´ wei went back towards Kao´ch'ang�撮�12�А�
hoping to obtain there the means of continuing their journey。 Fa´hien and
the rest�察�however�察�through the liberality of Foo Kung´sun�察�managed to go
straight forward in a south´west direction。 They found the country
uninhabited as they went along。 The difficulties which they encountered in
crossing the streams and on their route�察 �and the sufferings which they
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endured�察 �were unparalleled in human experience�察 �but in the course of a
month and five days they succeeded in reaching Yu´teen。��13�А�
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NOTES
��1�А�An account is given of the kingdom of Shen´shen in the 96th of the
Books of the first Han dynasty�察 �down to its becoming a dependency of
China�察�about B。C。 80。 The greater portion of that is now accessible to the
English reader in a translation by Mr。 Wylie in the ;Journal of the
Anthropological Institute�察─�August�察�1880。 Mr。 Wylie says�此 �Although we
may not be able to identify Shen´shen with certainty�察 �yet we have
sufficient indications to give an appropriate idea of its position�察�as being
south of and not far from lake Lob。; He then goes into an exhibition of
those indications�察 �which I need not transcribe。 It is sufficient for us to
know that the capital city was not far from Lob or Lop Nor�察�into which in
lon。 38d E。 the Tarim flows。 Fa´hien estimated its distance to be 1500 le
from T'un´hwang。 He and his companions must have gone more than
twenty´five miles a day to accomplish the journey in seventeen days。
��2�А�This is the name which Fa´hien always uses when he would speak
of China�察�his native country�察�as a whole�察�calling it from the great dynasty
which had ruled it�察 �first and last�察 �for between four and five centuries。
Occasionally�察�as we shall immediately see�察�he speaks of ;the territory of
Ts'in or Ch'in�察─�but intending thereby only the kingdom or Ts'in�察�having its
capital�察�as described in the first note on the last chapter�察�in Ch'ang´gan。
��3�А �So I prefer to translate the character ��。�� ��sang�� rather than by
;priests。; Even in Christianity�察�beyond the priestly privilege which belongs
to all believers�察 �I object to the ministers of any denomination or church
calling themselves or being called ;priests�察─�and much more is the name
inapplicable to the sramanas or bhikshus of Buddhism which
acknowledges no God in the universe�察�no soul in man�察�and has no services
of sacrifice or prayer in its worship。 The only difficulty in the use of
;monks; is caused by the members of the sect in Japan which�察�since the
middle of the fifteenth century�察 �has abolished the prohibition against
marrying on the part of its ministers�察 �and other prohibitions in diet and
dress。 Sang and sang´kea represent the Sanskrit sangha�察�constituted by at
least four members�察 �and empowered to hear confession�察 �to grant
absolution�察 �to admit persons to holy orders�察 �&c。�察 �secondly�察 �the third
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constituent of the Buddhistic Trinity�察 �a deification of the /communio
sanctorum/�察�or the Buddhist order。 The name is used by o