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及6何蛍

a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及6何蛍

弌傍�� a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




sanctorum/�察�or the Buddhist order。 The name is used by our author of the 

monks collectively or individually as belonging to the class�察�and may be 

considered       as    synonymous        with     the   name      sramana�察     �which     will 

immediately claim our attention。 

     ��4�А   �Meaning      the   ;small    vehicle�察   �or   conveyance。;       There     are   in 

Buddhism        the  triyana�察  �or   ;three   different    means    of   salvation�察   �i。e。  of 

conveyance across the samsara�察�or sea of transmigration�察�to the shores of 

nirvana。 Afterwards the term was used to designate the different phases of 

development   through   which   the   Buddhist   dogma   passed�察  �known   as   the 

mahayana�察�hinayana�察�and madhyamayana。; ;The hinayana is the simplest 

vehicle   of   salvation�察  �corresponding   to   the   first   of   the   three   degrees   of 

saintship。     Characteristics     of  it  are  the   preponderance       of  active    moral 

asceticism�察�and the absence of speculative mysticism and quietism。; E。 H。�察�

pp。 151´2�察�45�察�and 117。 

     ��5�А�The name for India is here the same as in the former chapter and 

throughout   the   book��T'een´chuh   �┌�。��   ��。�����察  �the   chuh   being   pronounced�察�

probably�察�in Fa´hien's time as tuk。 How the earliest name for India�察�Shin´ 

tuk or duk=Scinde�察�came to be changed into Thien´tuk�察�it would take too 

much space to explain。 I believe it was done by the Buddhists�察�wishing to 

give a good auspicious name to the fatherland of their Law�察�and calling it 

;the Heavenly Tuk�察─�just as the Mohammedans call Arabia ;the Heavenly 

region; �┌�。�� ��。�����察�and the court of China itself is called ;the Celestial; �┌�。�� 

��。����。 

     ��6�А�Sraman may in English take the place of Sramana ��Pali�察�Samana�察�in 

Chinese�察  �Sha´man���察  �the   name   for   Buddhist   monks�察  �as   those   who   have 

separated   themselves   from   ��left��   their   families�察  �and   quieted   their   hearts 

from   all   intrusion   of   desire   and   lust。   ;It   is   employed�察  �first�察  �as   a   general 

name      for  ascetics    of  all  demoninations�察      �and�察  �secondly�察    �as  a   general 

designation of Buddhistic monks。; E。 H。�察�pp。 130�察�131。 

     ��7�А�Tartar or Mongolian。 

     ��8�А�Woo´e has not been identified。 Watters �─�China Review�察─�viii。 115�� 

says�此�We cannot be far wrong if we place it in Kharaschar�察�or between 

that   and   Kutscha。;   It   must   have   been   a   country   of   considerable   size   to 



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have so many monks in it。 

     ��9�А�This means in one sense China�察�but Fa´hien�察�in his use of the name�察�

was   only   thinking   of   the   three   Ts'in   states   of   which   I   have   spoken   in   a 

previous   note�察  �perhaps   only   of   that   from   the   capital   of   which   he   had 

himself set out。 

     ��10�А�This sentence altogether is difficult to construe�察�and Mr。 Watters�察�

in the ;China Review�察─�was the first to disentangle more than one knot in it。 

I am obliged to adopt the reading of ��。�� ��。�� in the Chinese editions�察�instead 

of   the   ��。��   ��。��   in   the   Corean   text。   It   seems   clear   that   only  one   person   is 

spoken   of   as   assisting   the   travellers�察  �and   his   name�察  �as   appears   a      few 

sentences farther on�察�was Foo Kung´sun。 The ��。�� ��。�� which immediately 

follows   the   surname   Foo   ��。���察  �must   be   taken   as   the   name   of   his   office�察�

corresponding�察  �as   the   ��。��   shows�察  �to   that   of   /le   maitre   d'hotellerie/   in   a 

Roman   Catholic   abbey。   I   was   once   indebted   myself   to   the   kind   help   of 

such an officer at a monastery in Canton province。 The Buddhistic name 

for   him   is   uddesika=overseer。   The   Kung´sun   that   follows   his   surname 

indicates that he was descended from some feudal lord in the old times of 

the   Chow   dynasty。   We   know   indeed   of   no   ruling   house   which   had   the 

surname       of  Foo�察   �but   its  adoption    by   the   grandson      of  a  ruler   can   be 

satisfactorily accounted for�察�and his posterity continued to call themselves 

Kung´sun�察�duke or lord's grandson�察�and so retain the memory of the rank 

of their ancestor。 

     ��11�А�Whom they had left behind them at T'un´hwang。 

     ��12�А  �The     country   of    the  Ouighurs�察     �the   district  around     the  modern 

Turfan or Tangut。 

     ��13�А�Yu´teen is better known as Khoten。 Dr。 P。 Smith gives ��p。 11�� the 

following   description   of   it�此�A   large   district   on   the   south´west   of   the 

desert   of   Gobi�察  �embracing   all   the   country   south   of   Oksu   and   Yarkand�察�

along   the   northern   base   of   the   Kwun´lun   mountains�察  �for   more   than   300 

miles from east to west。 The town of the same name�察�now called Ilchi�察�is in 

an extensive plain on the Khoten river�察�in lat。 37d N。�察�and lon。 80d 35s E。 

After the Tungani insurrection against Chinese rule in 1862�察�the Mufti Haji 

Habeeboolla was made governor of Khoten�察�and held the office till he was 

murdered   by  Yakoob   Beg�察  �who   became   for   a   time   the   conqueror   of   all 



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Chinese   Turkestan。   Khoten   produces   fine   linen   and   cotton   stuffs�察  �jade 

ornaments�察�copper�察�grain�察�and fruits。; The name in Sanskrit is Kustana。 ��E。 

H。�察�p。 60��。 



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                              CHAPTER III 



     KHOTEN。         PROCESSIONS            OF    IMAGES。        THE     KING'S       NEW 

MONASTERY。 

     Yu´teen is a pleasant   and prosperous kingdom�察 �with a numerous   and 

flourishing     population。     The   inhabitants    all  profess   our   Law�察   �and   join 

together in its religious music for their enjoyment。��1�А�The monks amount 

to several myriads�察�most of whom are students of the mahayana。��2�А�They 

all receive their food from the common store。��3�А�Throughout the country 

the houses of the people stand apart like ��separate�� stars�察�and each family 

has a small tope��4�А�reared in front of its door。 The smallest of these may be 

twenty   cubits   high�察  �or   rather   more。��5�А  �They   make   ��in   the   monasteries�� 

rooms     for   monks    from    all  quarters�撮�5�А  �the   use   of  which    is  given   to 

travelling   monks   who   may   arrive�察  �and   who   are   provided   with   whatever 

else they require。 

     The lord of the country lodged Fa´hien and the others comfortably�察�and 

supplied their wants�察�in a monastery��6�А�called Gomati�撮�6�А�of the mahayana 

school。 Attached to it there are three thousand monks�察�who are called to 

their   meals   by   the   sound   of   a   bell。   When   they   enter   the   refectory�察  �their 

demeanour   is   marked   by   a   reverent   gravity�察  �and   they   take   their   seats   in 

regular   order�察  �all   maintaining   a   perfect   silence。   No   sound   is   heard   from 

their   alms´bowls      and   other   utensils。   When     any  of   these   pure   men��7�А�

require food�察�they are not allowed to call out ��to the attendants�� for it�察�but 

only make signs with their hands。 

     Hwuy´king�察�Tao´ching�察�and Hwuy´tah set out in advance towards the 

country  of   K'eeh´ch'a�撮�8�А  �but   Fa´hien   and   the   others�察  �wishing   to   see   the 

procession of images�察�remained behind for three months。 There are in this 

country      four��9�А   �great   monasteries�察     �not   counting     the   smaller    ones。 

Beginning on the first day of the fourth month�察�they sweep and water the 

streets   inside   the   city�察  �making   a   grand   display   in   the   lanes   and   byways。 

Over the city gate they pitch a large tent�察�grandly adorned in all possible 

ways�察�in which the king and queen�察�with their ladies brilliantly arrayed�撮�10�А�

take up their residence ��for the time��。 

     The   monks   of   the   Gomati   monastery�察  �being   mahayana   students�察  �and 



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held in great reverence by the king�察�took precedence of all others in the 

procession。 At   a   distance   of   three   or   four   le   from   the   city�察  �they   made   a 

four´wheeled image   car�察  �more   than thirty  cubits high�察 �which looked like 

the    great   hall   ��of  a   monastery��      moving     along。    The    seven    precious 

substances��11�А�were grandly displayed about it�察�with silken streamers and 

canopies hanging all around。 The ��chief�� image��12�А�stood in the middle of 

the car�察�with two Bodhisattvas��13�А�in attendance upon it�察�while devas��14�А�

were made to follow in waiting�察�all brilliantly carved in gold and silver�察�

and hanging in the air。 When ��the car�� was a hundred paces from the gate�察�

the king put off his crown of state�察�changed his dress for a fresh suit�察�and 

with   bare   feet�察  �carrying   in   his   hands   flowers   and   incense�察  �and   with   two 

rows of attending followers�察�went out at the gate to meet the image�察�and�察�

with his head and face ��bowed to the ground���察�he did homage at its feet�察�

and then scattered the flowers and burnt the incense。 When the image was 

entering the gate�察�the queen and the brilliant ladies with her in the gallery 

above scattered far and wide all kinds of flowers�察�which floated about and 

fell   promiscuously   to   the   ground。   In   this   way   everything   was   done   to 

promote the dignity of the occasion。 The carriages of the monasteries were 

all   different�察  �and   each   one   had    its  own   day   for  the   procession。    ��The 

ceremony�� began on the first day of the fourth month�察�and ended on the 

fo

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