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及2何蛍

she stands accused(慢頁瓜御)-及2何蛍

弌傍�� she stands accused(慢頁瓜御) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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Sisera�察�or Judith�察�who cut off the head of Holofernes。                     Their stories are 

plainly   and   excellently   told   in   the   Scriptural   manner�察  �and   the   adding   of 

detail   would   be   mere   fictional   exercise。      Something�察  �perhaps�察  �might   be 

done      for   them    by    way    of   deducing      their   characters     and    physical 

shortcomings   through   examination   of   their   deeds   and   motivesbut   this 

may be left to psychiatrists。          There is room here merely for a soupcon of 

psychologyjust as   much�察  �in   fact�察�as   may  afford   the writer   an   easy  turn 

from  one   plain   narrative   to   another。      You   will   have   no   more   of   it   than 

amounts�察  �say�察  �to   the   pinch   of   fennel   that   should   go   into   the   sauce   for 

mackerel。 

     Toffana�察     �who    in  Italy   supplied     poison    to   wives    aweary     of   their 

husbands   and   to   ladies   beginning   to   find   their   lovers   inconvenient�察  �and 

who   thus   at   second   hand   murdered   some   six   hundred   persons�察  �has   her 

attractions for the criminological writer。              The bother is that so many  of 

them   have   found   it   out。     The   scanty   material   regarding   her   has   been 

turned over so often that it has become somewhat tattered�察�and has worn 

rather thin for refashioning。          The same may be said for Hieronyma Spara�察�

a direct poisoner and Toffana's contemporary。 

     The fashion they set passed to the Marquise de Brinvilliers�察�and she�察�

with   La Vigoureux   and   La Voisin�察 �has   been   written   up so   often that   the 

task of finding something new to say of her and her associates looks far 

too formidable for a man as lethargic as myself。 

     In   the   abundance      of   material    that  criminal     history   provides     about 

women   choice   becomes   difficult。           There   is�察  �for   example�察  �a   plethora   of 

women       poisoners。     Wherever        a  woman      alone   turns   to  murder     it  is  a 



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hundred to one that she will select poison as a medium。               This at first sight 

may seem a curious fact�察�but there is for it a perfectly logical explanation�察�

upon   which   I   hope   later   to   touch   briefly。  The   concern   of   this   book�察�

however�察�is not purely with murder by women�察�though murder will bulk 

largely。    Swindling will be dealt with�察�and casual allusion made to other 

crimes。 

     But take for the moment the women accused or convicted of poisoning。 

What   an   array   they   make�      �What   monsters   of   iniquity   many   of   them 

appear�     �Perhaps the record�察�apart from those set up by Toffana and the 

Brinvilliers contingent�察�is held by the Van der Linden woman of Leyden�察�

who     between     1869    and   1885    attempted     to  dispose    of  102    persons�察�

succeeded with no less than twenty´seven�察�and rendered at least forty´five 

seriously ill。     Then comes Helene Jegado�察�of France�察�who�察�according to 

one account�察�with two more working years ��eighteen instead of sixteen���察�

contrived to envenom twenty´six people�察�and attempted the lives of twelve 

more。     On this calculation she fails by one to reach the der Linden record�察�

but�察�even reckoning the two extra years she had to work in�察�since she made 

only a third of the other's essays�察�her bowling average may be said to be 

incomparably better。 

     Our own Mary Ann Cotton�察�at work between 1852 and 1873�察�comes in 

third�察  �with   twenty´four   deaths�察  �at   least   known�察  �as   her   bag。 Mary  Ann 

operated on a system of her own�察�and many of her victims were her own 

children。     She   is   well   worth   the   lengthier   consideration   which   will   be 

given her in later pages。 

     Anna   Zwanziger�察  �the   earlier   `monster'   of   Bavaria�察  �arrested   in   1809�察�

was an amateur compared with those three。 

     Mrs Susannah Holroyd�察�of Ashton´under´Lyne�察�charged in September 

of   1816    at  the  Lancashire    Assizes    with   the  murder     by   poison   of  her 

husband�察�her own son�察�and the infant child of Anna Newton�察�a lodger of 

hers�察�was nurse to illegitimate children。           She was generally suspected of 

having murdered several of her charges�察�but no evidence�察�as far as I can 

learn�察  �was   brought   forward   to   give   weight   to   the   suspicion   at   her   trial。 

Then     there   were    Mesdames       Flanagan     and   Higgins�察   �found    guilty�察 �at 

Liverpool      Assizes    in  February     1884�察  �of   poisoning     Thomas     Higgins�察�



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husband   of   the   latter   of   the   accused�察  �by   the   administration   of   arsenic。 

The ladies   were sisters�察�living   together in   Liverpool。           With them  in   the 

house   in   Skirvington   Street   were   Flanagan's   son   John�察  �Thomas   Higgins 

and his daughter Mary�察�Patrick Jennings and his daughter Margaret。 

     John     Flanagan     died   in   December       1880。     His    mother     drew    the 

insurance money。         Next year Thomas Higgins married the younger of the 

sisters�察�and in the year following Mary Higgins�察�his daughter�察�died。                    Her 

stepmother       drew   the   insurance    money。      The    year   after  that   Margaret 

Jennings�察�daughter of the lodger�察�died。            Once again insurance money was 

drawn�察�this time by both sisters。 

     Thomas Higgins passed away that same year in a house to which what 

remained   of   the   menage   had   removed。         He   was   on   the   point   of   being 

buried�察�as having died of dysentery due to alcoholism�察�when the suspicions 

of his brother led the coroner to stop the funeral。              The brother had heard 

word   of   insurance   on   the   life   of   Thomas。   A  post´mortem   revealed   the 

fact   that   Thomas     had   actually   died   of   arsenic   poisoning�察    �upon   which 

discovery      the  bodies    of  John    Flanagan�察    �Mary    Higgins�察   �and    Margaret 

Jennings were exhumed for autopsy�察�which revealed arsenic poisoning in 

each   case。     The   prisoners   alone   had   attended   the   deceased   in   the   last 

illnesses。    Theory went that the poison had been obtained by soaking fly´ 

papers。     Mesdames        Flanagan     and   Higgins     were   executed     at  Kirkdale 

Gaol in March of 1884。 

     Now�察    �these   are  two    cases   which�察   �if  only   minor    in  the  wholesale 

poisoning   line     when    compared   with      the  Van    der  Linden�察   �Jegado�察   �and 

Cotton envenomings�察�yet have their points of interest。                 In both cases the 

guilty were so far able to banish ``all trivial fond records'' as to dispose of 

kindred who might have been dear to them�此               �Mrs Holroyd of husband and 

son�察�with lodger's daughter as makeweight�察�the Liverpool pair of nephew�察�

husband�察�stepdaughter ��or son�察�brother´in´law�察�and stepniece�察�according to 

how   you   look   at    it���察  �with   again   the  unfortunate   daughter   of   a   lodger 

thrown      in。   If   they    ``do   things   better   on    the  Continent''speaking 

generally   and   ignoring   our   own   Mary   Annthere   is   yet   temptation   to 

examine the lesser native products at length�察�but space and the scheme of 

this   book   prevent。    In   the   matter   of   the   Liverpool   Locustas   there   is   an 



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engaging   speculation。        It   was   brought   to   my   notice   by   Mr Alan   Brock�察�

author of By Misadventure and Further Evidence。                     Just how far did the 

use   of   flypapers   by   Flanagan   and   Higgins   for   the   obtaining   of   arsenic 

serve   as   an   example   to   Mrs   Maybrick�察  �convicted   of   the   murder   of   her 

husband in the same city five years later�拭�

     The     list  of   women       poisoners     in   England     alone    would      stretch 

interminably。       If one were to confine oneself merely to those employing 

arsenic   the   list   would   still   be   formidable。  Mary   Blandy�察  �who   callously 

slew    her   father   with   arsenic    supplied    her  by   her   lover   at  Henley´on´ 

Thames   in   1751�察  �has   been   a   subject   for   many   criminological   essayists。 

That she has attracted so much attention is probably due to the double fact 

that she was a girl in a very comfortable way of life�察�heiress to a fortune of 

L10��000�察     �and   that  contemporary   records        are   full  and   accessible。    But 

there is nothing essentially interesting about her case to make it stand out 

from   others   that   have   attracted   less   notice   in   a   literary   way。  Another 

Mary�察�of a later date�察�Edith Mary Carew�察�who in 1892 was found guilty by 

the Consular Court�察�Yokohama�察�of the murder of her husband with arsenic 

and   sugar   of   lead�察  �was   an   Englishwoman   who   might   have   given   Mary 

Blandy points in several directions。 

     When we leave the arsenical´minded and seek for cases where other 

poisons   were   employed   there   is   still   no   lack   of   material。   There   is�察  �for 

example�察�the case of Sarah Pearson and the woman Black�察�who were tried 

at Armagh   in   June   1905   for   the   murder   of   the   old   mother   of   the   latter。 

The   old   woman�察�Alice   Pearson   ��Sarah   was   her   daughter´in´law���察  �was   in 

possession      of   small   savings�察    �some    forty   pounds�察    �which    aroused     the 

cupidity of the younger women。               Their fi

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