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distributed　among　the　people　of　France。　But　that　part　of　the

English　capital　only　which　was　employed　in　producing　the　English

commodities　with　which　those　foreign　goods　were　purchased　would

be　annually　distributed　among　the　people　of　England。　The　greater

part　of　it　would　replace　the　capitals　which　had　been　employed　in

Virginia；　Indostan；　and　China；　and　which　had　given　revenue　and

maintenance　to　the　of　those　distant　countries。　If　the　capitals

were　equal；　or　nearly　equal；　therefore　this　employment　of　the

French　capital　would　augment　much　more　the　revenue　of　the　people

of　France　than　that　of　the　English　capital　would　the　revenue　of

the　people　of　England。　France　would　in　this　case　carry　on　a

direct　foreign　trade　of　consumption　with　England；　whereas　England

would　carry　on　a　round…about　trade　of　the　same　kind　with　France。

The　different　effects　of　a　capital　employed　in　the　direct　and　of

one　employed　in　the　round…about　foreign　trade　of　consumption　have

already　been　fully　explained。

　　　　　There　is　not；　probably；　between　any　two　countries　a　trade

which　consists　altogether　in　the　exchange　either　of　native

commodities　on　both　sides；　or　of　native　commodities　on　one　side

and　of　foreign　goods　on　the　other。　Almost　all　countries　exchange

with　one　another　partly　native　and　partly　foreign　goods。　That

country；　however；　in　whose　cargoes　there　is　the　greatest

proportion　of　native；　and　the　least　of　foreign　goods；　will　always

be　the　principal　gainer。

　　　　　If　it　was　not　with　tobacco　and　East　India　goods；　but　with

gold　and　silver；　that　England　paid　for　the　commodities　annually

imported　from　France；　the　balance；　in　this　case；　would　be

supposed　uneven；　commodities　not　being　paid　for　with　commodities；

but　with　gold　and　silver。　The　trade；　however；　would；　in　this

case；　as　in　the　foregoing；　give　some　revenue　to　the　inhabitants

of　both　countries；　but　more　to　those　of　France　than　to　those　of

England。　It　would　give　some　revenue　to　those　of　England。　The

capital　which　had　been　employed　in　producing　the　English　goods

that　purchased　this　gold　and　silver；　the　capital　which　had　been

distributed　among；　and　given　revenue　to；　certain　inhabitants　of

England；　would　thereby　be　replaced　and　enabled　to　continue　that

employment。　The　whole　capital　of　England　would　no　more　be

diminished　by　this　exportation　of　gold　and　silver　than　by　the

exportation　of　an　equal　value　of　any　other　goods。　On　the

contrary；　it　would　in　most　cases　be　augmented。　No　goods　are　sent

abroad　but　those　for　which　the　demand　is　supposed　to　be　greater

abroad　than　at　home；　and　of　which　the　returns　consequently；　it　is

expected；　will　be　of　more　value　at　home　than　the　commodities

exported。　If　the　tobacco　which；　in　England；　is　worth　only　a

hundred　thousand　pounds；　when　sent　to　France　will　purchase　wine

which　is；　in　England；　worth　a　hundred　and　ten　thousand；　this

exchange　will　equally　augment　the　capital　of　England　by　ten

thousand　pounds。　If　a　hundred　thousand　pounds　of　English　gold；　in

the　same　manner；　purchase　French　wine　which；　in　England；　is　worth

a　hundred　and　ten　thousand；　this　exchange　will　equally　augment

the　capital　of　England　by　ten　thousand　pounds。　As　a　merchant　who

has　a　hundred　and　ten　thousand　pounds　worth　of　wine　in　his　cellar

is　a　richer　man　than　he　who　has　only　a　hundred　thousand　pounds

worth　of　tobacco　in　his　warehouse；　so　is　he　likewise　a　richer　man

than　he　who　has　only　a　hundred　thousand　pounds　worth　of　gold　in

his　coffers。　He　can　put　into　motion　a　greater　quantity　of

industry；　and　give　revenue；　maintenance；　and　employment　to　a

greater　number　of　people　than　either　of　the　other　two。　But　the

capital　of　the　country　is　equal　to　the　capitals　of　all　its

different　inhabitants；　and　the　quantity　of　industry　which　can　be

annually　maintained　in　it　is　equal　to　what　all　those　different

capitals　can　maintain。　Both　the　capital　of　the　country；

therefore；　and　the　quantity　of　industry　which　can　be　annually

maintained　in　it；　must　generally　be　augmented　by　this　exchange。

It　would；　indeed；　be　more　advantageous　for　England　that　it　could

purchase　the　wines　of　France　with　its　own　hardware　and　broadcloth

than　with　either　the　tobacco　of　Virginia　or　the　gold　and　silver

of　Brazil　and　Peru。　A　direct　foreign　trade　of　consumption　is

always　more　advantageous　than　a　roundabout　one。　But　a　round…about

foreign　trade　of　consumption；　which　is　carried　on　with　gold　and

silver；　does　not　seem　to　be　less　advantageous　than　any　other

equally　round…about　one。　Neither　is　a　country　which　has　no　mines

more　likely　to　be　exhausted　of　gold　and　silver　by　this　annual

exportation　of　those　metals　than　one　which　does　not　grow　tobacco

by　the　like　annual　exportation　of　that　plant。　As　a　country　which

has　wherewithal　to　buy　tobacco　will　never　be　long　in　want　of　it；

so　neither　will　one　be　long　in　want　of　gold　and　silver　which　has

wherewithal　to　purchase　those　metals。

　　　　　It　is　a　losing　trade；　it　is　said；　which　a　workman　carries　on

with　the　alehouse；　and　the　trade　which　a　manufacturing　nation

would　naturally　carry　on　with　a　wine　country　may　be　considered　as

a　trade　of　the　same　nature。　I　answer；　that　the　trade　with　the

alehouse　is　not　necessarily　a　losing　trade。　In　its　own　nature　it

is　just　as　advantageous　as　any　other；　though　perhaps　somewhat

more　liable　to　be　abused。　The　employment　of　a　brewer；　and　even

that　of　a　retailer　of　fermented　liquors；　are　as　necessary

divisions　of　labour　as　any　other。　It　will　generally　be　more

advantageous　for　a　workman　to　buy　of　the　brewer　the　quantity　he

has　occasion　for　than　to　brew　it　himself；　and　if　he　is　a　poor

workman；　it　will　generally　be　more　advantageous　for　him　to　buy　it

by　little　and　little　of　the　retailer　than　a　large　quantity　of　the

brewer。　He　may　no　doubt　buy　too　much　of　either；　as　he　may　of　any

other　dealers　in　his　neighbourhood；　of　the　butcher；　if　he　is　a

glutton；　or　of　the　draper；　if　he　affects　to　be　a　beau　among　his

companions。　It　is　advantageous　to　the　great　body　of　workmen；

notwithstanding；　that　all　these　trades　should　be　free；　though

this　freedom　may　be　abused　in　all　of　them；　and　is　more　likely　to

be　so；　perhaps；　in　some　than　in　others。　Though　individuals；

besides；　may　sometimes　ruin　their　fortunes　by　an　excessive

consumption　of　fermented　liquors；　there　seems　to　be　no　risk　that

a　nation　should　do　so。　Though　in　every　country　there　are　many

people　who　spend　upon　such　liquors　more　than　they　can　afford；

there　are　always　many　more　who　spend　less。　It　deserves　to　be

remarked　too；　that；　if　we　consult　experience；　the　cheapness　of

wine　seems　to　be　a　cause；　not　of　drunkenness；　but　of　sobriety。

The　inhabitants　of　the　wine　countries　are　in　general　the　soberest

people　in　Europe；　witness　the　Spainards；　the　Italians；　and　the

inhabitants　of　the　southern　provinces　of　France。　People　are

seldom　guilty　of　excess　in　what　is　their　daily　fare。　Nobody

affects　the　character　of　liberality　and　good　fellowship　by　being

profuse　of　a　liquor　which　is　as　cheap　as　small　beer。　On　the

contrary；　in　the　countries　which；　either　from　excessive　heat　or

cold；　produce　no　grapes；　and　where　wine　consequently　is　dear　and

a　rarity；　drunkenness　is　a　common　vice；　as　among　the　northern

nations；　and　all　those　who　live　between　the　tropics；　the　negroes；

for　example；　on　the　coast　of　Guinea。　When　a　French　regiment　comes

from　some　of　the　northern　provinces　of　France；　where　wine　is

somewhat　dear；　to　be　quartered　in　the　southern；　where　it　is　very

cheap；　the　soldiers；　I　have　frequently　heard　it　observed　are　at

first　debauched　by　the　cheapness　and　novelty　of　good　wine；　but

after　a　few　months'　residence；　the　greater　part　of　them　become　as

sober　as　the　rest　of　the　inhabitants。　Were　the　duties　upon

foreign　wines；　and　the　excises　upon　malt；　beer；　and　ale　to　be

taken　away　all　at　once；　it　might；　in　the　same　manner；　occasion　in

Great　Britain　a　pretty　general　and　temporary　drunkenness　among

the　middling　and　inferior　ranks　of　people；　which　would　probably

be　soon　followed　by　a　permanent　and　almost　universal　sobriety。　At

present　drunkenness　is　by　no　means　the　vice　of　people　of　fashion；

or　of　those　who　can　easily　afford　the　most　expensive　liquors。　A

gentleman　drunk　with　ale　has　scarce　ever　been　seen　among　us。　The

restraints　upon　the　wine　trade　in　Great　Britain；　besides；　do　not

so　much　seem　calculated　to　hinder　the　people　from　going；　if　I　may

say　so；　to　the　alehouse；　as　from　going　where　they　can　buy　the

best　and　cheapest　liquor。　They　favour　the　wine　trade　of　Portugal；

and　discourage　that　of　France。　The　Portugese；　it　is　said；　indeed；

are　better　customers　for　our　manufactures　than　the　French；　and

should　therefore　be　encouraged　in　preference　to　them。　As　they

give　us　their　custom；　it　is　pretended；　we　should　give　them　ours。

The　sneaking　arts　of　underling　tradesmen　are　thus　erected　into

political　maxims　for　the　conduct　of　a　great　empire：　for　it　is　the

most　underling　tradesmen　only　who　make　it　a　rule　to　employ

chiefly　their　own　customers。　A　great　trader　purchases　his　goods

always　where　they　are　cheapest　and　best；　without　regard　to　any

little　interest　of　this　kind。

　　　　　By　such　maxims　as　these；　however；　nations　have　been　taught

that　their　interest　consisted　in　beggaring　all　their　neighbours。

Each　nation　has　been　made　to　look　with　an　invidious　eye　upon　the

prosperity　of　all　the　nations　with　which　it　trades；　and　to

consider　their　gain　as　its　own　loss。　Commerce；　which　ought

naturally　to　be；　among　nations；　as　among　individuals；　a　bond　of

union　and　friendship；　has　become　the　most　fertile　source　of

discord　and　animosity。　The　capricious　ambition　of　kings　and

ministers　has　not；　during　the　present　and　the　preceding　century；

been　more　fatal　to　the　repose　of　Europe　than　the　impertinent

jealousy　of　merchants　and　manufacturers。　The　violence　and

injustice　of　the　rulers　of　mankind　is　an　ancient　evil；　for　which；

I　am　afraid；　the　nature　of　human　affairs　can　scarce　admit　of　a

remedy。　But　the　mean　rapacity；　the　monopolizing　spirit　of

merchants　and　manufacturers；　who　neither　are；　nor　ought　to　be；

the　rulers　of　mankind；　though　it　cannot　perhaps　be　corrected　may

very　easily　be　prevented　from　disturbing　the　tranqu