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produce　gradually　accumulated　by　good　management；　and　employed　in

raising　a　still　greater　produce。　But　the　stock　which　has　improved

and　cultivated　the　sugar　colonies　of　England　has；　a　great　part　of

it；　been　sent　out　from　England；　and　has　by　no　means　been

altogether　the　produce　of　the　soil　and　industry　of　the　colonists。

The　prosperity　of　the　English　sugar　colonies　has　been；　in　a　great

measure；　owing　to　the　great　riches　of　England；　of　which　a　part

has　overflowed；　if　one　may　say　so；　upon　those　colonies。　But　the

prosperity　of　the　sugar　colonies　of　France　has　been　entirely

owing　to　the　good　conduct　of　the　colonists；　which　must　therefore

have　had　some　superiority　over　that　of　the　English；　and　this

superiority　has　been　remarked　in　nothing　so　much　as　in　the　good

management　of　their　slaves。

　　　　　Such　have　been　the　general　outlines　of　the　policy　of　the

different　European　nations　with　regard　to　their　colonies。

　　　　　The　policy　of　Europe；　therefore；　has　very　little　to　boast

of；　either　in　the　original　establishment　or；　so　far　as　concerns

their　internal　government；　in　the　subsequent　prosperity　of　the

colonies　of　America。

　　　　　Folly　and　injustice　seem　to　have　been　the　principles　which

presided　over　and　directed　the　first　project　of　establishing

those　colonies；　the　folly　of　hunting　after　gold　and　silver　mines；

and　the　injustice　of　coveting　the　possession　of　a　country　whose

harmless　natives；　far　from　having　ever　injured　the　people　of

Europe；　had　received　the　first　adventurers　with　every　mark　of

kindness　and　hospitality。

　　　　　The　adventurers；　indeed；　who　formed　some　of　the　later

establishments；　joined　to　the　chimerical　project　of　finding　gold

and　silver　mines　other　motives　more　reasonable　and　more　laudable；

but　even　these　motives　do　very　little　honour　to　the　policy　of

Europe。

　　　　　The　English　Puritans；　restrained　at　home；　fled　for　freedom

to　America；　and　established　there　the　four　governments　of　New

England。　The　English　Catholics；　treated　with　much　greater

injustice；　established　that　of　Maryland；　the　Quakers；　that　of

Pennsylvania。　The　Portuguese　Jews；　persecuted　by　the　Inquisition；

stripped　of　their　fortunes；　and　banished　to　Brazil；　introduced　by

their　example　some　sort　of　order　and　industry　among　the

transported　felons　and　strumpets　by　whom　that　colony　was

originally　peopled；　and　taught　them　the　culture　of　the

sugar…cane。　Upon　all　these　different　occasions　it　was　not　the

wisdom　and　policy；　but　the　disorder　and　injustice　of　the　European

governments　which　peopled　and　cultivated　America。

　　　　　In　effectuating　some　of　the　most　important　of　these

establishments；　the　different　governments　of　Europe　had　as　little

merit　as　in　projecting　them。　The　conquest　of　Mexico　was　the

project；　not　of　the　council　of　Spain；　but　of　a　governor　of　Cuba；

and　it　was　effectuated　by　the　spirit　of　the　bold　adventurer　to

whom　it　was　entrusted；　in　spite　of　everything　which　that

governor；　who　soon　repented　of　having　trusted　such　a　person；

could　do　to　thwart　it。　The　conquerors　of　Chili　and　Peru；　and　of

almost　all　the　other　Spanish　settlements　upon　the　continent　of

America；　carried　out　with　them　no　other　public　encouragement；　but

a　general　permission　to　make　settlements　and　conquests　in　the

name　of　the　king　of　Spain。　Those　adventures　were　all　at　the

private　risk　and　expense　of　the　adventurers。　The　government　of

Spain　contributed　scarce　anything　to　any　of　them。　That　of　England

contributed　as　little　towards　effectuating　the　establishment　of

some　of　its　most　important　colonies　in　North　America。

　　　　　When　those　establishments　were　effectuated；　and　had　become

so　considerable　as　to　attract　the　attention　of　the　mother

country；　the　first　regulations　which　she　made　with　regard　to　them

had　always　in　view　to　secure　to　herself　the　monopoly　of　their

commerce；　to　confine　their　market；　and　to　enlarge　her　own　at

their　expense；　and；　consequently；　rather　to　damp　and　discourage

than　to　quicken　and　forward　the　course　of　their　prosperity。　In

the　different　ways　in　which　this　monopoly　has　been　exercised

consists　one　of　the　most　essential　differences　in　the　policy　of

the　different　European　nations　with　regard　to　their　colonies。　The

best　of　them　all；　that　of　England；　is　only　somewhat　less

illiberal　and　oppressive　than　that　of　any　of　the　rest。

　　　　　In　what　way；　therefore；　has　the　policy　of　Europe　contributed

either　to　the　first　establishment；　or　to　the　present　grandeur　of

the　colonies　of　America？　In　one　way；　and　in　one　way　only；　it　has

contributed　a　good　deal。　Magna　virum　Mater！　It　bred　and　formed

the　men　who　were　capable　of　achieving　such　great　actions；　and　of

laying　the　foundation　of　so　great　an　empire；　and　there　is　no

other　quarter　of　the　world　of　which　the　policy　is　capable　of

forming；　or　has　ever　actually　and　in　fact　formed　such　men。　The

colonies　owe　to　the　policy　of　Europe　the　education　and　great

views　of　their　active　and　enterprising　founders；　and　some　of　the

greatest　and　most　important　of　them；　so　far　as　concerns　their

internal　government；　owe　to　it　scarce　anything　else。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　PART　3

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Of　the　Advantages　which　Europe　has　derived

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　from　the　Discovery　of　America；

　　　　　　　　　　　　　and　from　that　of　a　Passage　to　the　East　Indies

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　by　the　Cape　of　Good　Hope　

　　　　　SUCH　are　the　advantages　which　the　colonies　of　America　have

derived　from　the　policy　of　Europe。

　　　　　What　are　those　which　Europe　has　derived　from　the　discovery

and　colonization　of　America？

　　　　　Those　advantages　may　be　divided；　first；　into　the　general

advantages　which　Europe；　considered　as　one　great　country；　has

derived　from　those　great　events；　and；　secondly；　into　the

particular　advantages　which　each　colonizing　country　has　derived

from　the　colonies　which　particularly　belong　to　it；　in　consequence

of　the　authority　or　dominion　which　it　exercises　over　them。

　　　　　The　general　advantages　which　Europe；　considered　as　one　great

country；　has　derived　from　the　discovery　and　colonisation　of

America；　consist；　first；　in　the　increase　of　its　enjoyments；　and；

secondly；　in　the　augmentation　of　its　industry。

　　　　　The　surplus　produce　of　America；　imported　into　Europe；

furnishes　the　inhabitants　of　this　great　continent　with　a　variety

of　commodities　which　they　could　not　otherwise　have　possessed；

some　for　conveniency　and　use；　some　for　pleasure；　and　some　for

ornament；　and　thereby　contributes　to　increase　their　enjoyments。

　　　　　The　discovery　and　colonization　of　America；　it　will　readily

be　allowed；　have　contributed　to　augment　the　industry；　first；　of

all　the　countries　which　trade　to　it　directly；　such　as　Spain；

Portugal；　France；　and　England；　and；　secondly；　of　all　those　which；

without　trading　to　it　directly；　send；　through　the　medium　of　other

countries；　goods　to　it　of　their　own　produce；　such　as　Austrian

Flanders；　and　some　provinces　of　Germany；　which；　through　the

medium　of　the　countries　before　mentioned；　send　to　it　a

considerable　quantity　of　linen　and　other　goods。　All　such

countries　have　evidently　gained　a　more　extensive　market　for　their

surplus　produce；　and　must　consequently　have　been　encouraged　to

increase　its　quantity。

　　　　　But　that　those　great　events　should　likewise　have　contributed

to　encourage　the　industry　of　countries；　such　as　Hungary　and

Poland；　which　may　never；　perhaps；　have　sent　a　single　commodity　of

their　own　produce　to　America；　is　not；　perhaps；　altogether　so

evident。　That　those　events　have　done　so；　however；　cannot　be

doubted。　Some　part　of　the　produce　of　America　is　consumed　in

Hungary　and　Poland；　and　there　is　some　demand　there　for　the　sugar；

chocolate；　and　tobacco　of　that　new　quarter　of　the　world。　But

those　commodities　must　be　purchased　with　something　which　is

either　the　produce　of　the　industry　of　Hungary　and　Poland；　or　with

something　which　had　been　purchased　with　some　part　of　that

produce。　Those　commodities　of　America　are　new　values；　new

equivalents；　introduced　into　Hungary　and　Poland　to　be　exchanged

there　for　the　surplus　produce　of　those　countries。　By　being

carried　thither　they　create　a　new　and　more　extensive　market　for

that　surplus　produce。　They　raise　its　value；　and　thereby

contribute　to　encourage　its　increase。　Though　no　part　of　it　may

ever　be　carried　to　America；　it　may　be　carried　to　other　countries

which　purchase　it　with　a　part　of　their　share　of　the　surplus

produce　of　America；　and　it　may　find　a　market　by　means　of　the

circulation　of　that　trade　which　was　originally　put　into　motion　by

the　surplus　produce　of　America。

　　　　　Those　great　events　may　even　have　contributed　to　increase　the

enjoyments；　and　to　augment　the　industry　of　countries　which　not

only　never　sent　any　commodities　to　America；　but　never　received

any　from　it。　Even　such　countries　may　have　received　a　greater

abundance　of　other　commodities　from　countries　of　which　the

surplus　produce　had　been　augmented　by　means　of　the　American

trade。　This　greater　abundance；　as　it　must　necessarily　have

increased　their　enjoyments；　so　it　must　likewise　have　augmented

their　industry。　A　greater　number　of　new　equivalents　of　some　kind

or　other　must　have　been　presented　to　them　to　be　exchanged　for　the

surplus　produce　of　that　industry。　A　more　extensive　market　must

have　been　created　for　that　surplus　produce　so　as　to　raise　its

value；　and　thereby　encourage　its　increase。　The　mass　of

commodities　annually　thrown　into　the　great　circle　of　European

commerce；　and　by　its　various　revolutions　annually　distributed

among　all　the　different　nations　comprehended　within　it；　must　have

been　augmented　by　the　whole　surplus　produce　of　America。　A　greater

share　of　this　greater　mass；　therefore；　is　likely　to　have　fallen

to　each　of　those　nations；　to　have　increased　their　enjoyments；　and

augmented　their　industry。

　　　　　The　exclusive　trade　of　the　mother　countries　tends　to

diminish；　or；　at　least；　to　keep　down　below　what　they　would

otherwise　rise　to；　both　the　enjoyments　and　industry　of　all　those

nations　in　general；　and　of　the　American　colonies　in　particular。

It　is　a　dead　weight　upon　the　action　of　one　of　the　great　springs

which　puts　into　motion　a　great　part　of　the　business　of　mankind。

By　rendering　the