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the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑)-及12何蛍

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believed   that   flight   would   come�察  �but   also   stated   why   it   had   not   arrived。 

Thus Emerson�察�when writing on the subject of air navigation about fifty 

years ago�察�remarked�此 �We think the population is not yet quite fit for them�察�

and     therefore     there   will   be    none。    Our    friend    suggests     so   many 

inconveniences from piracy out of the high air to orchards and lone houses�察�

and also to high fliers�察�and the total inadequacy of the present system of 

defence�察�that we have not the heart to break the sleep of the great public by 

the repetition of these details。 When children come into the library we put 

the inkstand and the watch on the high shelf until they be a little older。; 

     About the year 1870 a young German engineer�察�named Otto Lilienthal�察�

began some experiments with a motorless glider�察�which in course of time 

were to make him world´famed。 For nearly twenty years Lilienthal carried 

on his aerial research work in secrecy�察�and it was not until about the year 



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1890 that his experimental work was sufficiently advanced for him to give 

demonstrations in public。 

     The   young   German   was   a   firm   believer   in   what   was   known   as   the 

;soaring´plane; theory of flight。 From the picture here given we can get 

some idea of his curious machine。 It consisted of large wings�察�formed of 

thin osiers�察 �over   which  was   stretched light   fabric。 At the back   were   two 

horizontal rudders shaped somewhat like the long forked tail of a swallow�察�

and   over   these   was   a   large   steering   rudder。   The   wings   were   arranged 

around the glider's body。 The whole apparatus weighed about 40 pounds。 

     Lilienthal's flights�察�or glides�察�were made from the top of a specially´ 

constructed   large   mound�察  �and   in   some   cases   from   the   summit   of   a   low 

tower。  The   ;birdman;   would   stand   on   the   top   of   the   mound�察  �full   to   the 

wind�察�and run quickly forward with outstretched wings。 When he thought 

he had gained sufficient momentum he jumped into the air�察�and the wings 

of the glider bore him through the air to the base of the mound。 

     To preserve the balance of his machinealways a most difficult feat 

he swung his legs and hips to one side or the other�察�as occasion required�察�

and�察  �after   hundreds   of   glides   had   been   made�察  �he   became   so   skilful   in 

maintaining   the   equilibrium   of   his   machine   that   he   was   able   to   cover   a 

distance�察�downhill�察�of 300 yards。 

     Later    on�察  �Lilienthal    abandoned      the   glider�察 �or   elementary     form    of 

monoplane�察�and adopted a system of superposed planes�察�corresponding to 

the   modern     biplane。   The   promising   career   of   this   clever   German        was 

brought to an untimely end in 1896�察�when�察�in attempting to glide from a 

height of about 80 yards�察�his apparatus made a sudden downward swoop�察�

and he broke his neck。 

     Now      that   Lillenthal's    experiments       had    proved     conclusively      the 

efficiency     of   wings�察   �or  planes�察   �as  carrying     surfaces�察  �other    engineers 

followed in his footsteps�察�and tried to improve on his good work。 The first 

;birdman;   to   use   a   glider   in   this   country   was   Mr。   Percy   Pilcher   who 

carried out his experiments at Cardross in Scotland。 His glides were at first 

made with a form of apparatus very similar to that employed by Lilienthal�察�

and    in  time    he  came    to   use  much     larger   machines。     So   cumbersome�察�

however�察�was his apparatusit weighed nearly 4 stonesthat with such a 



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great weight upon his shoulders he could not run forward quickly enough 

to gain sufficient momentum to ;carry off; from the hillside。 To assist him 

in launching   the   apparatus   the   machine   was   towed   by  horses�察 �and   when 

sufficient impetus had been gained the tow´rope was cast off。 

    Three years after Lilienthal's death Pilcher met with a similar accident。 

While   making      a   flight   his   glider   was   overturned�察  �and   the  unfortunate 

;birdman ; was dashed to death。 

    In America there were at this time two or three ;human birds;�察�one of 

the   most   famous    being   M。   Octave   Chanute。    During    the  years    1895´7 

Chanute made many flights in various types of gliding machines�察�some of 

which had as many as half a dozen planes arranged one above another。 His 

best    results�察  �however�察    �were    obtained    by   the   two´plane     machine�察�

resembling to a remarkable extent the modern biplane。 



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          CHAPTER XVII The Aeroplane and the Bird 



     We have seen that the inventors of flying machines in the early days of 

aviation modelled their various craft somewhat in the form of a bird�察�and 

that   many   of   them   believed   that   if   the   conquest   of   the   air   was   to   be 

achieved man must copy nature and provide himself with wings。 

     Let us closely examine a modern monoplane and discover in what way 

it resembles the body of a bird in build。 

     First�察�there is the long and comparatively narrow body�察�or FUSELAGE�察�

at   the   end   of   which   is   the   rudder�察  �corresponding   to   the   bird's   tail。   The 

chassis�察�or under carriage�察�consisting of wheels�察�skids�察�&c。�察�may well be 

compared   with   the   legs   of   a   bird�察  �and   the   planes   are   very   similar   in 

construction      to  the   bird's  wings。    But    here   the  resemblance       ends�此  �the 

aeroplane does not fly�察�nor will it ever fly�察�as a bird flies。 

     If we carefully inspect the wing of a birdsay a large bird�察�such as the 

crowwe   shall   find   it   curved   or   arched   from   front   to   back。   This   curve�察�

however�察�is somewhat irregular。 At the front edge of the wing it is sharpest�察�

and there is a gradual dip or slope backwards and downwards。 There is a 

special reason for this peculiar structure�察�as we shall see in a later chapter。 

       Now     it  is  quite   evident     that  the   inventors     of  aeroplanes      have 

modelled the planes of their craft on the bird's wing。 Strictly speaking�察�the 

word ;plane; is a misnomer when applied to the supporting structure of an 

aeroplane。 Euclid defines a plane�察�or a plane surface�察�as one in which�察�any 

two points being taken�察�the straight line between them lies wholly in that 

surface。 But the plane of a flying machine is curved�察�or CAMBERED�察�and 

if one point were taken on the front of the so´called plane�察�and another on 

the   back�察  �a   straight   line   joining   these   two   points   could   not   possibly   lie 

wholly on the surface。 

     All   planes   are   not   cambered   to   the   same   extent�此  �some   have   a   very 

small curvature�察�in others the curve is greatly pronounced。 Planes of the 

former   type   are   generally  fitted   to   racing   aeroplanes�察 �because   they   offer 

less resistance to the air than do deeply´cambered planes。 Indeed�察�it is in 

the degree of camber that the various types of flying machine show their 

chief   diversity�察  �just   as   the   work   of   certain   shipmasters   is   known   by   the 



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particular lines of the bow and stern of the vessels which are built in their 

yards。 

     Birds fly by a flapping movement of their wings�察�or by soaring。 We are 

quite familiar with both these actions�此�at one time the bird propels itself by 

means of powerful muscles attached to its wings by means of which the 

wings are flapped up and down�察�at another time the bird�察�with wings nicely 

adjusted so as to take advantage of all the peculiarities of the air currents�察�

keeps them almost stationary�察�and soars or glides through the air。 

     The    method     of   soaring    alone   has   long    since   been   proved     to  be 

impracticable as a means of carrying a machine through the air�察�unless�察�of 

course�察�one describes the natural glide of an aeroplane from a great height 

down to earth as soaring。 But the flapping motion was not proved a failure 

until numerous experiments by early aviators had been tried。 

     Probably the most successful attempt at propulsion by this method was 

that of a French locksmith named Besnier。 Over two hundred years ago he 

made for himself a pair of light wooden paddles�察�with blades at either end�察�

somewhat   similar   in   shape   to   the   double   paddle   of   a   canoe。   These   he 

placed over his shoulders�察�his feet being attached by ropes to the hindmost 

paddles。 Jumping off from some high place in the face of a stiff breeze�察�he 

violently  worked his   arms   and   legs�察  �so   that   the  paddles beat   the  air   and 

gave     him   support。     It  is  said  that   Besnier    became     so   expert    in  the 

management of his simple apparatus that he was able to raise himself from 

the   ground�察  �and   skim   lightly   over   fields   and   rivers   for   a   considerable 

distance。 

     Now it has been shown that the enormous extent of wing required to 

support a man of average weight would be much too large to be flapped by 

man's     arm    muscles。     But   in  this�察  �as  with    everything     else�察 �we    have 

succeeded in harnessing the forces of nature into our service as tools and 

machinery。 

     And   is   not   this�察  �after  all�察  �one  of   the  chief�察  �distinctions   between   man 

and   the   lower   orders   of   cre

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