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the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑)-及13何蛍

弌傍�� the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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machinery。 

     And   is   not   this�察  �after  all�察  �one  of   the  chief�察  �distinctions   between   man 

and   the   lower   orders   of   creation�拭  �The   latter   fulfil   most   of   their   bodily 

requirements by muscular effort。 If a horse wants to get from one place to 

another it walks�察�man can go on wheels。 None of the lower animals makes 

a single tool to assist it in the various means of sustaining life�察�but man 



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puts    on  his   ;thinking´cap;�察    �and   invents    useful   machines     and   tools   to 

enable him to assist or dispense with muscular movement。 

     Thus we find that in aviation man has designed the propeller�察�which�察�

by its rapid revolutions derived from the motive power of the aerial engine�察�

cuts   a   spiral   pathway   through   the   air   and   drives   the   light   craft   rapidly 

forward。 The chief use of the planes is for support to the machine�察�and the 

chief duty of the pilot is to balance and steer the craft by the manipulation 

of the rudder�察�elevation and warping controls。 



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          CHAPTER XVIII A Great British Inventor of 



                                    Aeroplanes 



     Though�察     �as  we    have    seen�察  �most   of   the   early   attempts    at  aerial 

navigation were made by foreign engineers�察�yet we are proud to number 

among   the   ranks   of   the   early   inventors   of   heavier´than´air   machines   Sir 

Hiram Maxim�察�who�察�though an American by birth�察�has spent most of his 

life in Britain and may therefore be called a British inventor。 

     Perhaps     to   most    of  us   this  inventor's    name     is  known     more    in 

connection with the famous ;Maxim; gun�察�which he designed�察�and which 

was   named   after   him。   But   as   early   as   1894�察  �when   the   construction   of 

aeroplanes was in a very backward state�察�Sir Hiram succeeded in making 

an interesting and ingenious aeroplane�察�which he proposed to drive by a 

particularly light steam´engine。 

     Sir Hiram's first machine�察�which was made in 1890�察�was designed to 

be guided by a double set of rails�察�one set arranged below and the other 

above   its   running   wheels。   The   intention   was   to   make   the   machine   raise 

itself just off the ground rails�察�but yet be prevented from soaring by the set 

of guard rails above the wheels�察�which acted as a check on it。 The motive 

force was given by a very powerful steam´engine of over 300 horse´power�察�

and this drove two enormous propellers�察�some 17 feet in length。 The total 

weight   of   the   machine   was   8000   pounds�察  �but   even   with   this   enormous 

weight the engine was capable of raising the machine from the ground。 

     For three or four years Sir Hiram made numerous experiments with his 

aeroplane�察  �but   in   1894   it   broke   through   the   upper   guard   rail   and   turned 

itself over among the surrounding trees�察�wrecking itself badly。 

     But though the Maxim aeroplane did not yield very practical results�察�it 

proved that if a lighter but more powerful engine could be made�察�the chief 

difficulty   iii   the   way   of   aerial   flight   would   be   removed。   This   was   soon 

forthcoming       in  the  invention    of  the   petrol   motor。   In  a  lecture   to  the 

Scottish Aeronautical Society�察�delivered in Glasgow in November�察�1913�察�

Sir Hiram claimed to be the inventor of the first machine which actually 

rose  from  the   earth。   Before   the  distinguished   inventor   spoke  of   his   own 



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work   in   aviation   he   recalled   experiments   made   by   his   father   in   1856´7�察�

when Sir Hiram was sixteen years of age。 The flying machine designed by 

the elder Maxim consisted of a small platform�察�which it was proposed to 

lift directly into the air by the action of two screw´propellers revolving in 

reverse directions。 For a motor the inventor intended to employ some kind 

of   explosive     material�察  �gunpowder       preferred�察  �but   the  lecturer   distinctly 

remembered that his father said that if an apparatus could be successfully 

navigated through the air it would be of such inevitable value as a military 

engine that no matter how much it might cost to run it would be used by 

Governments。 

     Of his own claim as an inventor of air´craft it would be well to quote 

Sir    Hiram's    actual    words�察   �as   given   by   the   Glasgow      Herald�察   �which 

contained a full report of the lecture。 

     ;Some forty years ago�察�when I commenced to think of the subject�察�my 

first   idea   was   to   lift   my   machint   by   vertical   propellers�察  �and   I   actually 

commenced drawings and made calculations for a machine on that plan�察�

using an oil motor�察�or something like a Brayton engine�察�for motive power。 

However�察�I was completely unable to work out any system which would 

not be too heavy to lift itself directly into the air�察�and it was only when I 

commenced to study the aeroplane system that it became apparent to me 

that   it   would be   possible to   make   a   machine   light   enough   and   powerful 

enough to raise itself without the agency of a balloon。 From the first I was 

convinced that it would be quite out of the question to employ a balloon in 

any form。 At that time the light high´speed petrol motor had no existence。 

The only power available being steam´engines�察�I made all my calculations 

with a view of using steam as the motive power。 While I was studying the 

question of the possibility of making a flying machine that would actually 

fly�察�I became convinced that there was but one system to work on�察�and that 

was   the   aeroplane   system。   I   made   many   calculations�察  �and   found   that   an 

aeroplane   machine   driven   by   a   steam´engine   ought   to   lift   itself   into   the 

air。; 

     Sir   Hiram   then   went   on   to   say   that   it   was   the   work   of   making   an 

automatic gun which was the direct cause of his experiments with flying 

machines。 To continue the report�此�



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     ;One day I was approached by three gentle´ men who were interested 

in the gun�察 �and they asked   me   if   it would be possible   for me   to   build   a 

flying machine�察�how long it would take�察�and how much it would cost。 My 

reply was that it would take five years and would cost L50��000。 The first 

three   years   would   be   devoted   to   developing   a   light   internal´combustion 

engine�察�and the remaining two years to making a flying machine。 

     ;Later on a considerable sum of money was placed at my disposal�察�and 

the experiments commenced�察�but unfortunately the gun business called for 

my   attention   abroad�察  �and   during   the   first   two   years   of   the   experimental 

work I was out of England eighteen months。 

     ;Although   I   had   thought   much   of   the   internal´combustion   engine   it 

seemed to me that it would take too long to develop one and that it would 

be a hopeless task in my absence from England�察�so I decided that in my 

first experiments at least I would use a steam´engine。 I therefore designed 

and   made   a   steam´engine   and   boiler   of   which   Mr。   Charles   Parsons   has 

since said that�察�next to the Maxim gun�察�it developed more energy for its 

weight than any other heat engine ever made。 That was true at the time�察�

but is very wide of the mark now。; 

     Speaking of motors�察�the veteran lecturer remarked�此 �Perhaps there was 

no problem in the world on which mathematicians had differed so widely 

as on the problem of flight。 Twenty years ago experimenters said�此�'Give us 

a   motor   that   will   develop   1   horse´power   with   the   weight   of   a   barnyard 

fowl�察�and we will very soon fly。' At the present moment they had motors 

which would develop over 2 horse´power and did not weigh more than a 

12´pound barnyard fowl。 These engines had been developedI might say 

createdby      the   builders   of   motor    cars。   Extreme     lightness    had   been 

gradually     obtained     by   those   making     racing   cars�察  �and   that   had   been 

intensified by aviators。 In many cases a speed of 80 or 100 miles per hour 

had been attained�察�and machines had remained in the air for hours and had 

flown   long distances。   In   some   cases   nearly  a   ton   had been   carried   for   a 

short distance。; 

     Such words as these�察�coming from the lips of a great inventor�察�give us 

a deep insight into the working of the inventor's mind�察�and�察�incidentally�察�

show   us   some   of   the   difficulties   which   beset   all   pioneers   in   their   tasks。 



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The science of aviation is�察�indeed�察�greatly indebted to these early inventors�察�

not the least of whom is the gallant Sir Hiram Maxim。 



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        CHAPTER XIX The Wright Brothers and their 



                             Secret Experiments 



     In   the   beginning     of  the   twentieth    century    many     of  the   leading 

European newspapers contained brief reports of aerial experiments which 

were   being   carried     out  at   Dayton�察  �in   the  State   of   Ohio�察  �America。   So 

wonderful were the results of these experiments�察�and so mysterious were 

the   movement

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