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the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑)-及14何蛍

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wonderful were the results of these experiments�察�and so mysterious were 

the   movements       of  the   two   brothersOrville     and   Wilbur    Wrightwho 

conducted them�察�that many Europeans would not believe the reports。 

     No inventors have gone about their work more carefully�察�methodically�察�

and secretly than did these two Americans�察�who�察�hidden from prying eyes�察�

;far    from   the  madding      crowd;�察   �obtained    results   which    brought    them 

undying fame in the world of aviation。 

     For   years   they   worked   at   their   self´imposed   task   of   constructing   a 

flying machine which would really soar among the clouds。 They had read 

brief   accounts   of   the   experiments   carried   out   by   Otto   Lilienthal�察  �and   in 

many ways the ground had been well paved for them。 It was their great 

ambition to become real ;human birds;�察 �birds; that would not only glide 

along down the hillside�察�but would fly free and unfettered�察�choosing their 

aerial paths of travel and their places of destination。 

     Though there are few reliable accounts of their work in those remote 

American haunts�察�during the first six years of the present century�察�the main 

facts   of   their   life´history   are   now   well   known�察  �and   we   are   able   to   trace 

their experiments�察�step by step�察�from the time when they constructed their 

first simple aeroplane down to the appearance of the marvellous biplane 

which has made them world´famed。 

     For   some   time   the   Wrights   experimented   with   a   glider�察  �with   which 

they   accomplished   even   more   wonderful   results   than   those   obtained   by 

Lilienthal。 These two young American engineersbicyclemakers by trade´ 

´were never in a hurry。 Step by step they made progress�察�first with kites�察�

then   with   small   gliders�察  �and   ultimately   with   a   large   one。   The   latter   was 

launched      into  the  air  by   men   running    forward    with   it  until  sufficient 

momentum had been gained for the craft to go forward on its own account。 



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     The first aeroplane made by the two brothers was a very simple one�察�as 

was the method adopted to balance the craft。 There were two main planes 

made of long spreads of canvas   arranged one above another�察�and on the 

lower plane the pilot lay。 A little plane in front of the man was known as 

the ELEVATOR�察�and it could be moved up and down by the pilot�察�when 

the   elevator   was   tilted   up�察  �the   aeroplane   ascended�察  �when   lowered�察  �the 

machine descended。 

     At the back was a rudder�察�also under control of the pilot。 The pilot's 

feet�察�in a modern aeroplane�察�rest upon a bar working on a central swivel�察�

and   this   moves   the   rudder。   To   turn   to   the   left�察  �the   left   foot   is   moved 

forward�察�to turn to the right the right foot。 

     But it was in the balancing control of their machine that the Wrights 

showed such great ingenuity。 Running from the edges of the lower plane 

were some wires which met at a point where the pilot could control them。 

The edges of the plane were flexible�察�that is�察�they could be bent slightly 

either up or down�察�and this movement of the flexible plane is known as 

WING WARPING。 

     You know that when a cyclist is going round a curve his machine leans 

inwards。 Perhaps some of you have seen motor races�察�such as those held at 

Brooklands�察  �if   so�察  �you   must   have   noticed   that   the   track   is   banked   very 

steeply at the corners�察�and when the motorist is going round these corners 

at�察�say�察�80 miles an hour�察�his motor makes a considerable angle with the 

level ground�察�and looks as if it must topple over。 The aeroplane acts in a 

similar manner�察�and�察�unless some means are taken to prevent it�察�it will turn 

over。 

     Let us now see how the pilot worked the ;Wright; glider。 Suppose the 

machine   tilted   down   on   one   side�察  �while   in   the   air�察  �the   pilot   would   pull 

down�察�or warp�察�the edges of the planes on that side of the machine which 

was the lower。  By an ingenious   contrivance�察�when one  side was   warped 

down�察�the other was warped up�察�with the effect that the machine would be 

brought back into a horizontal position。 ��As we shall return to the subject 

of wing warping in a later chapter�察�we need not discuss it further here。�� 

     It must not be imagined that as soon as the Wrights had constructed a 

glider fitted with this clever system of controlling mechanism they could 



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fly when and where they liked。 They had to practise for two or three years 

before they were satisfied with the results of their experiments�此�neglecting 

no detail�察�profiting by their failures�察�and moving logically from step to step。 

They never attempted an experiment rashly�此�there was always a reason for 

what     they   did。  In  fact�察 �their   success    was   due   to  systematic     progress�察�

achieved by wonderful perseverance。 

     But   now�察  �for   a   short   time�察  �we   must   leave   the   pioneer   work   of   the 

Wright brothers�察�and turn to the invention of the petrol engine as applied 

to   the   motor   car�察  �an   invention   which   was   destined   to   have   far´reaching 

results on the science of aviation。 



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        CHAPTER XX The Internal´combustion Engine 



     We have several times remarked upon the great handicap placed upon 

the   pioneers   of   aviation   by   the   absence   of   a   light   but   powerful   motor 

engine。 The   invention   of   the   internal´combustion   engine   may   be   said   to 

have revolutionized the science of flying�察�had it appeared a century ago�察�

there is no reason to doubt that Sir George Cayley would have produced 

an aeroplane giving as good results as the machines which have appeared 

during the last five or six years。 

     The motor engine and the aeroplane are inseparably connected�察�one is 

as   necessary   to   the   other   as   clay   is   to   the   potter's   wheel�察  �or   coal   to   the 

blast´furnace。   This   being   the   case�察  �it   is   well   that   we   trace   briefly   the 

development of the engine during the last quarter of a century。 

     The original mechanical genius of the motoring industry was Gottlieb 

Daimler�察�the founder of the immense Daimler Motor Works of Coventry。 

Perhaps   nothing   in   the   world   of   industry   has   made   more   rapid   strides 

during the last twenty years than automobilism。 In 1900 our road traction 

was carried on by means of horses�察�now�察�especially in the large cities�察�it is 

already more than half mechanical�察�and at the present rate of progress it 

bids fair to be soon entirely horseless。 

     About   the   year   1885   Daimler   was   experimenting   with   models   of   a 

small   motor   engine�察  �and   the   following   year   he   fitted   one   of   his   most 

successful   models to   a   light   wagonette。 The   results   were so   satisfactory�察�

that in 1888 he took out a patent for an internal´ combustion engineas the 

motor engine is technically calledand the principle on which this engine 

was worked aroused great enthusiasm on the Continent。 

     Soon a young French engineer�察�named Levassor�察�began to experiment 

with models of motor engines�察�and in 1889 he obtained�察�with others�察�the 

Daimler      rights   to  construct    similar   engines    in  France。    From    now    on�察�

French engineers   began to   give  serious attention   to   the new  engine�察 �and 

soon great improvements were made in it。 All this time Britain held aloof 

from     the   motor´car�察     �indeed�察   �many     Britons    scoffed    at   the   idea   of 

mechanically´propelled vehicles�察�saying that the time and money required 

for their development would be wasted。 



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     During      the   years    1888´1900      strange     reports   of   smooth´moving�察�

horseless   cars�察  �frequently   appearing   in   public   in   France�察  �began   to   reach 

Britain�察�and people wondered if the French had stolen a march on us�察�and 

if   there  were   anything  in   the  new  invention   after   all。  Our  engineers   had 

just begun to grasp the immense possibilities of Daimler's engine�察�but the 

Government gave them no encouragement。 

     At   length   the   Hon。   Evelyn   Ellis�察  �one   of   the   first   British   motorists�察�

introduced   the   ;horseless   carriage;   into   this   country�察  �and   the   following 

account      of  his  early   trips�察 �which     appeared     in  the  Windsor      and   Eton 

Express of 27th July�察�1895�察�may be interesting。 

     ;If anyone cares to run over to Datchet�察�they will see the Hon。 Evelyn 

Ellis�察�of Rosenau�察�careering round the roads�察�up hill and down dale�察�and 

without     danger     to  life  or  limb�察  �in  his  new    motor    carriage�察   �which    he 

brought over a short time ago from Paris。 

     ;In appearance it is not unlike a four´wheeled dog´cart�察�except that the 

front part has a hood for use on long ;driving; tours�察�in the event of wet 

weather�察  �it   will   accommodate   four   persons�察  �one   of   whom�察  �on   the   seat 

behind�察�would�察�of course�察�be the 'groom'�察�a misnomer�察�perhaps�察�for carriage 

attendant。 Under the front seat are receptacles�察�one for tools with which to 

repair damages�察�in the event of a breakdown on the road�察�and the other for 

a store of oil�察�petroleum�察�or naphtha in cans�察�from which to replenish the 

oil tank of the carriage on 

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