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the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑)-及15何蛍

弌傍�� the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




a store of oil�察�petroleum�察�or naphtha in cans�察�from which to replenish the 

oil tank of the carriage on the journey�察�if it be a long one。 

     ;Can it be easily driven�拭�We cannot say that such a vehicle would be 

suitable for a lady�察�unless rubber´tyred wheels and other improvements are 

made to the carriage�察�for a grim grip of the steering handle and a keen eye 

are   necessary   for   its   safe   guidance�察  �more   especially   if   the   high   road   be 

rough。 It never requires to be fed�察�and as it is�察�moreover�察�unsusceptible of 

fatigue�察  �it   is   obviously   the   sort   of   vehicle   that   should   soon   achieve   a 

widespread popularity in this country。 

     ;It is a splendid hill climber�察�and�察�in fact�察�such a hill as that of Priest 

Hill ��a pretty good test of its capabilities�� shows that it climbs at a faster 

pace than a pedestrian can walk。 

     ;A  trip   from   Rosenau   to   Old   Windsor�察  �to   the   entrance   of   Beaumont 

College�察�up Priest Hill�察�descending the steep�察�rough�察�and treacherous hill 



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on the opposite side by Woodside Farm�察�past the workhouse�察�through old 

Windsor�察�and back to Rosenau within an hour�察�amply demonstrated how 

perfectly     under   control    this  carriage    is�察 �while   the  sensation     of  being 

whirled rapidly along is decidedly pleasing。; 

     Another      pioneer    of  motorism      was    the   Hon。    C。  S。   Rolls�察  �whose 

untimely      death    at  Bournemouth        in   1910�察   �while    taking    part   in  the 

Bournemouth aviation meeting�察�was deeply deplored all over the country。 

Mr。   Rolls   made   a   tour   of   the   country   in   a   motor´car   in   1895�察  �with   the 

double   object   of   impressing   people   with   the   stupidity   of   the   law   with 

regard to   locomotion�察�and   of illustrating the practical   possibilities of  the 

motor。 You may know that Mr。 Rolls was the first man to fly across the 

Channel�察�and back again to Dover�察�without once alighting。 



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             CHAPTER XXI The Internal´combustion 



                                  Engine��Cont。�� 



     I suppose many of my readers are quite familiar with the working of a 

steam´engine。   Probably   you   have   owned   models   of   steam´engines   right 

from your earliest youth�察�and there are few boys who do not know how the 

railway engine works。 

     But   though   you   may   be   quite   familiar   with   the   mechanism   of   this 

engine�察�it does not follow that you know how the petrol engine works�察�for 

the two are highly dissimilar。 It is well�察�therefore�察�that we include a short 

description of the internal´combustion engine such as is applied to motor´ 

cars�察�for then we shall be able to understand the principles of the aeroplane 

engine。 

     At present petrol is the chief fuel used for the motor engine。 Numerous 

experiments have been tried with other fuels�察�such as benzine�察�but petrol 

yields the best results。 

     Petrol is distilled from oil which comes from wells bored deep down 

in   the   ground   in   Pennsylvania�察  �in   the   south   of   Russia�察  �in   Burma�察  �and 

elsewhere。   Also   it   is   distilled   in   Scotland   from   oil   shale�察  �from   which 

paraffin oil and wax and similar substances are produced。 When the oil is 

brought to the surface it contains many impurities�察�and in its native form is 

unsuitable for motor engines。 The crude oil is composed of a number of 

different kinds of oil�察�some being light and clear�察�others heavy and thick。 

     To purify the oil it is placed in a large metal vessel or ;still;。 Steam is 

first passed over the oil in the still�察�and this changes the lightest of the oils 

into vapours。 These vapours are sent through a series of pipes surrounded 

with cold water�察�where they are cooled and become liquid again。 Petrol is 

a mixture of these lighter products of the oil。 

     If   petrol   be   placed   in   the   air   it   readily   turns   into   a   vapour�察  �and   this 

vapour is extremely inflammable。 For this reason petrol is always kept in 

sealed   tins�察  �and   very   large   quantities   are   not   allowed   to   be   stored   near 

large   towns。    The   greatest    care   has  to   be  exercised   in  the   use  of  this 

;unsafe; spirit。 For example�察�it is most dangerous to smoke when filling a 



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tank with petrol�察�or to use the spirit near a naked light。 Many motor´cars 

have been set on fire through the petrol leaking out of the tank in which it 

is carried。 

     The tank which contains the petrol is placed under one of the seats of 

the motor´car�察�or at the rear�察�if in use on a motor´cycle it is arranged along 

the top bar of the frame�察�just in front of the driver。 This tank is connected 

to   the   ;carburettor;�察    �a  little  vessel   having    a   small   nozzle    projecting 

upwards in its centre。 The petrol trickles from the tank into the carburettor�察�

and   is   kept   at   a  constant   level by  means   of  a  float   which   acts   in   a   very 

similar way to the ballcock of a water cistern。 

     The carburettor is connected to the cylinder of the engine by another 

pipe�察�and there is valve which is opened by the engine itself and is closed 

by   a   spring。   By   an   ingenious   contrivance   the   valve   is   opened   when   the 

piston moves out of the cylinder�察�and a vacuum is created behind it and in 

the carburettor。 This carries a fine spray of petrol to be sucked up through 

the nozzle。 Air is also sucked into the carburettor�察�and the mixture of air 

and petrol spray produces an inflammable vapour which is drawn straight 

into the cylinder of the engine。 

     As   soon   as   the   piston   moves   back�察  �the   inlet   valve   is   automatically 

closed and the vapour is compressed into the top of the cylinder。 This is 

exploded by an electric spatk�察�which is passed between two points inside 

the   cylinder�察  �and   the   force   of   the   explosion   drives   the   piston   outwards 

again。   On   its   return   the  ;exhaust;   or   burnt   gases   are  driven   out   through 

another valve�察�known as the ;exhaust; valve。 

     Whether the engine has two�察�four�察�or six cylinders�察�the car is propelled 

in a similar way for all the pistons assist in turning one shaft�察�called the 

engine shaft�察�which runs along the centre of the car to the back axle。 

     The    rapid    explosions     in  the  cylinder    produce     great   heat�察  �and   the 

cylinders are kept cool by circulating water round them。 When the water 

has   become   very   hot   it   passes   through   a   number   of   pipes�察  �called   the 

;radiator;�察�placed in front of the car�察�the cold air rushing between the coils 

cools the water�察�so that it can be used over and over again。 

     No water is needed for the engine of a   motor cycle。 You will   notice 

that the cylinders are enclosed by wide rings of metal�察�and these rings are 



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quite sufficient to radiate the heat as quickly as it is generated。 



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               CHAPTER XXII The Aeroplane Engine 



     We   have   seen   that   a   very   important   part   of   the   internal´combustion 

engine�察�as used on the motor´car�察�is the radiator�察�which prevents the engine 

from becoming overheated and thus ceasing to work。 The higher the speed 

at   which   the   engine   runs   the   hotter   does   it   become�察  �and   the   greater   the 

necessity for an efficient cooling apparatus。 

     But the motor on an aeroplane has to do much harder work than the 

motor   used   for   driving   the   motor´car�察  �while   it   maintains   a   much   higher 

speed。 Thus there is an even greater tendency for it to become overheated�察�

and the great problem which inventors of aeroplane engines have had to 

face is the construction of a light but powerful engine equipped with some 

apparatus for keeping it cool。 

     Many different forms of aeroplane engines have been invented during 

the last few years。 Some inventors preferred the radiator system of cooling 

the engine�察�but the tank containing the water�察�and the radiator itself�察�added 

considerably to the weight of the motor�察�and this�察�of course�察�was a serious 

drawback to its employment。 

     But   in   1909   there   appeared   a   most   ingeniously´constructed   engine 

which   was     destined    to  take   a  very   prominent    part   in  the  progress   of 

aviation。 This was the famous ;Gnome; engine�察�by means of which races 

almost innumerable have been won�察�and amazing records established。 

     We have already referred to the engine shaft of the motor´car�察�which is 

revolved   by   the   pistons   of   the   various   fixed   cylinders。   In   all   aeroplane 

engines   which   had      appeared   before    the   Gnome   the    same   principle    of 

construction had been adopted�察�that is to say�察�the cylinders were fixed�察�and 

the engine shaft revolved。 

     But in the Gnome engine the reverse order of things takes place�察�the 

shaft is fixed�察�and the cylinders fly round it at a tremendous speed。 Thus 

the rapid whirl in the air keeps the engine cool�察�and cumbersome tanks and 

unwieldy radiators   can be   dispensed with。 This arrangement   enabled   the 

engine to be made very light and yet be of greater horse´power than that 

attained by previously´exis

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