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the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑)-及17何蛍

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lifting    power     would    necessarily     be   much     greater。   Thus�察   �though     both 

machines have planes of the same area�察�each plane having a surface of 144 

square feet�察�yet there is a great difference in the ;lift; of the two。 

     But   it   is   not  to  be   concluded    that   the   back   portion    of   a   plane  is 

altogether       wasted。      Numerous        experiments        have     taught     aeroplane 

constructors that if the plane were slightly curved from front to back the 

rear   portion   of   the   plane   also   exercised   a   ;lift;�察  �thus�察  �instead   of   the   air 

being simply cut by the entering edge of the plane�察�it is driven against the 

arched back   of the   plane�察  �and   helps   to lift   the   machine   into the   air�察  �and 

support it when in flight。 

     There   is   also   a   secondary   lifting   impulse   derived   from   this   simple 

curve。 We have seen that the air which has been cut by the front edge of 

the plane pushes up from below�察�and is arrested by the top of the arch�察�but 

the downward dip of the rear portion of the plane is of service in actually 

DRAWING   THE AIR   FROM ABOVE。   The   rapid   air   stream   which   has 

been   cut   by   the   entering   edge   passes   above   the   top   of   the   curve�察  �and 

;sucks   up;�察  �as   it   were�察  �so   that   the   whole   wing   is   pulled   upwards。   Thus 

there   are   two    lifting  impulses�此  �one     pushing   up   from   below�察  �the      other 

sucking up from above。 

     It   naturally   follows     that  when     the  camber     is  very   pronounced       the 

machine      will   fly   much    slower�察   �but   will  bear   a  greater    weight    than   a 

machine equipped with planes having little or no camber。 On high´speed 

machines�察�which are used chiefly for racing purposes�察�the planes have very 

little camber。 This was particularly noticeable in the monoplane piloted by 

Mr。 Hamel in the Aerial Derby of 1913�此�the wings of this machine seemed 

to be quite flat�察�and it was chiefly because of this that the pilot was able to 

maintain such marvellous speed。 

     The scientific study of the wing lift of planes has proceeded so far that 

the actual ;lift; can now be measured�察�providing the speed of the machine 

is known�察�together with the superficial area of the planes。 The designer can 

calculate what weight each square foot of the planes will support in the air。 

Thus some machines have a ;lift; of 9 or 10 pounds to each square foot of 

wing surface�察�while others are reduced to 3 or 4 pounds per square foot。 



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          CHAPTER XXV The Wright Biplane ��Cont。�� 



     The under part of the frame of the Wright biplane�察�technically known 

as the CHASSIS�察�resembled a pair of long ;runner; skates�察�similar to those 

used in the Fens for skating races。 Upon those runners the machine moved 

along   the   ground     when   starting   to   fly。   In   more  modern   machines      the 

chassis is equipped with two or more small rubber´tyred wheels on which 

the machine runs along the ground before rising into the air�察�and on which 

it alights when a descent is made。 

     You   will   notice   that   the   pilot's   seat   is   fixed   on   the   lower  plane�察  �and 

almost in the centre of it�察�while close by the engine is mounted。 Alongside 

the engine is a radiator which cools the water that has passed round   the 

cylinder of the engine in order to prevent them from becoming overheated。 

     Above the lower plane is a similar plane arranged parallel to it�察�and the 

two    are   connected     by  light  upright    posts   of  hickory    wood    known     as 

STRUTS。   Such   an   aeroplane   as   this�察  �which   is   equipped   with   two   main 

planes�察    �known      as   a  BIPLANE。        Other     types    of   air´craft   are   the 

MONOPLANE�察            �possessing      one    main    plane�察   �and    the   TRIPLANE�察�

consisting of three planes。 No practical machine has been built with more 

than three main planes�察�indeed�察�the triplane is now almost obsolete。 

     The Wrights fitted their machine with two long´bladed wooden screws�察�

or   propellers�察  �which   by   means   of   chains   and   sprocket´wheels�察  �very   like 

those   of   a   bicycle�察  �were   driven   by   the   engine�察  �whose   speed   was   about 

1200   revolutions   a   minute。   The   first   motor   engine   used   by   these   clever 

pioneers      had   four    cylinders�察   �and    developed     about    20    horsepower。 

Nowadays engines are produced which develop more than five times that 

power。 

     In later machines one propeller is generally thought to be sufficient�察�in 

fact   many   constructors   believe   that   there   is   danger   in   a   two´propeller 

machine�察�for if one propeller got broken�察�the other propeller�察�working at 

full speed�察�would probably overturn the machine before the pilot could cut 

off his engine。 

     Beyond the propellers there are two little vertical planes which can be 

moved to one side or the other by a control lever in front of the pilot's seat。 



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These planes or rudders steer the machine from side to side�察�answering the 

same purpose as the rudder of a boat。 

    In front of the supporting planes there are two other horizontal planes�察�

arranged one above the other�察�these are much smaller than the main planes�察�

and are known as the ELEVATORS。 Their function is to raise or lower the 

machine by catching the air at different angles。 

    Comparison      with  a  modern   biplane�察 �such   as  may   be  seen  at  an 

aerodrome     on   any   ;exhibition;   day�察 �will   disclose  several   marked 

differences in construction between the modern type and the earlier Wright 

machine�察�though the central idea is the same。 



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      CHAPTER XXVI How the Wrights launched their 



                                        Biplane 



     Those of us who have seen an aeroplane rise from the ground know 

that it runs quickly along for 50 or 60 yards�察�until sufficient momentum 

has been gained for the craft to lift itself into the air。 The Wrights�察�as stated�察�

fitted their machine with a pair of launching runners which projected from 

the   under   side   of   the   lower   plane   like   two   very   long   skates�察  �and   the 

method   of   launching   their   craft   was   quite   different   from   that   followed 

nowadays。 

     The launching   apparatus consisted   of   a wooden   tower at   the  starting 

end of the launching waysa wooden rail about 60 or 70 feet in length。 To 

the   top   of  the   tower   a  weight    of  about    1/2  ton   was   suspended。      The 

suspension rope was led downwards over pulleys�察�thence horizontally to 

the   front   end   and   back   to   the   inner   end   of   the   railway�察  �where   it   was 

attached to the aeroplane。 A small trolley was fitted to the chassis of the 

machine and this ran along the railway。 

     To    launch    the  machine�察    �which�察   �of   course�察  �stood    on  the   rail�察 �the 

propellers   were   set   in   motion�察  �and   the   1/2´ton   weight   at   the   top   of   the 

tower     was    released。   The    falling   weight    towed    the   aeroplane     rapidly 

forward     along    the  rail�察 �with   a  velocity   sufficient   to   cause   it  to  glide 

smoothly   into      the  air  at   the  other  end   of   the  launching    ways。   By   an 

ingenious arrangement the trolley was left behind on the railway。 

     It   will   at   once   occur   to   you   that   there   were   disadvantages   in   this 

system of commencing a flight。 One was that the launching apparatus was 

more or less a fixture。 At any rate it could not be carried about from place 

to   place   very    readily�此  �Supposing      the  biplane    could    not  return   to  its 

starting´point�察  �and   the   pilot   was   forced   to   descend�察  �say�察  �10   or   12   miles 

away�此�in such a case it would be neces´ sary to tow the machine back to 

the launching ways�察�an obviously inconvenient arrangement�察�especially in 

unfavourable country。 

     For some time the ;wheeled; chassis has been in universal use�察�but in a 

few cases it has been thought desirable to adopt a combination of runners 



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and wheels。 A moderately firm surface is necessary for the machine to run 

along the ground�察�if the ground be soft or marly the wheels would sink in 

the soil�察�and serious accidents have resulted from the sudden stoppage of 

the forward motion due to this cause。 

     With   their   first   power´driven   machine   the   Wrights   made   a   series   of 

very fine flights�察�at first in a straight line。 In 1904 they effected their first 

turn。 By the following year they had made such rapid progress that they 

were able to exceed a distance of 20 miles in one flight�察�and keep up in the 

air   for  over   half   an  hour   at  a  time。   Their   manager     now    gave   their 

experiments great publicity�察�both in the American and European Press�察�and 

in 1908 the brothers�察�feeling quite sure of their success�察�emerged from a 

self´imposed   obscurity�察  �and   astonished   the   world   with   some   wonderful 

flights�察�both in America and on the French flying ground at Issy。 

     A  great   loss   to   aviation   occurred   on   30th   May�察  �1912�察  �when   Wilbur 

Wright     died   from   an   attack   of  typhoid    fever。  His   work    is  officially 

commemorated in

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