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he superintended with the greatest care the construction of his balloon。 It 

was of enormous size�察�with a cage slung underneath the brazier for heating 

the air。 Befors making his free ascent De Rozier made a trial ascent with 

the balloon held captive by a long rope。 

     At    length�察   �in   November�察      �1783�察   �accompanied        by   the    Marquis 

d'Arlandes      as  a  passenger�察   �he   determined     to  venture。    The   experiment 

aroused   immense   excitement   all   over   France�察  �and   a   large   concourse   of 



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people were gathered together on the outskirts of Paris to witness the risky 

feat。 The balloon made a perfect ascent�察�and quickly reached a height of 

about   half   a   mile   above   sea´level。   A  strong   current   of   air   in   the   upper 

regions caused the balloon to take an opposite direction from that intended�察�

and the aeronauts drifted right over Paris。 It would have gone hard with 

them   if   they   had   been   forced   to   descend   in   the   city�察  �but   the   craft   was 

driven by the wind to some distance beyond the suburbs and they alighted 

quite safely about six miles from their starting´point�察�after having been up 

in the air for about half an hour。 

     Their voyage�察�however�察�had by no means been free from anxiety。 We 

are told that the fabric of the balloon repeatedly caught fire�察�which it took 

the aeronauts all their time to extinguish。 At times�察�too�察�they came down 

perilously near to the Seine�察�or to the housetops of Paris�察�but after the most 

exciting     half´hour    of   their  lives   they   found   themselves     once   more     on 

Mother Earth。 

     Here we must make a slight digression and speak of the invention of 

the    hydrogen�察    �or  gas�察  �balloon。    In  a  previous    chapter    we   read    of  the 

discovery      of  hydrogen      gas   by   Henry    Cavendish�察     �and   the   subsequent 

experiments with this gas by Dr。 Black�察�of Glasgow。 It was soon decided 

to   try  to  inflate   a  balloon    with   this  ;inflammable       air;as   the  newly´ 

discovered      gas   was    calledand    with    this  end   in  view    a  large   public 

subscription was raised in France to meet the heavy expenses entailed in 

the    venture。   The    work    was    entrusted    to  a  French    scientist�察  �Professor 

Charles�察�and two brothers named Robert。 

     It was quickly seen that paper�察�such as was used by the Montgolfiers�察�

was of little use in the construction of a gas balloon�察�for the gas escaped。 

Accordingly the fabric was made of silk and varnished with a solution of 

india´rubber and turpentine。 The first hydrogen balloon was only about 13 

feet in diameter�察�for in those early days the method of preparing hydrogen 

was   very   laborious   and   costly�察  �and   the   constructors   thought   it   advisable 

not   to   spend   too   much   money   over   the   initial   experiments�察  �in   case   they 

should be a failure。 

     In August�察  �1783an   eventful   year   in   the   history  of   aeronautics   the 

first   gas´inflated    balloon   was    sent   up�察  �of  course   unaccompanied         by   a 



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passenger。 It shot up high in the air much more rapidly than Montgolfier's 

hot´air balloon had done�察�and was soon beyond the clouds。 After a voyage 

of nearly an hour's duration it descended in a field some 15 miles away。 

We are told that some peasants at work near by fled in the greatest alarm at 

this strange monster which settled in their midst。 An old print shows them 

cautiously      approaching      the  balloon    as  it  lay  heaving     on   the  ground�察�

stabbing it with pitchforks�察�and beating it with flails and sticks。 The story 

goes that one of the alarmed farmers poured a charge of shot into it with 

his   gun�察  �no   doubt   thinking   that   he   had   effectually   silenced   the   panting 

demon   contained   therein。   To   prevent   such   unseemly   occurrences   in   the 

future the  French   Government   found   it   necessary  to   warn   the  people   by 

proclamation   that   balloons   were   perfectly   harmless   objects�察  �and   that   the 

experiments would be repeated。 

     We    now    have    two   aerial   craft  competing      for  popular    favour�此   �the 

Montgolfier   hot´air   balloon   and   the   ;Charlier;   or   gas´inflated   balloon。 

About     four   months     after  the  first  trial  trip  of  the  latter  the  inventors 

decided to ascend in a specially´constructed hydrogen´inflated craft。 This 

balloon�察�which was 27 feet in diameter�察�contained nearly all the features of 

the modern balloon。 Thus there was a valve at the top by means of which 

the gas could be let out as desired�察�a cord net covered the whole fabric�察�

and from the loop which it formed below the neck of the balloon a car was 

suspended�察�and in the car there was a quantity of ballast which could be 

cast overboard when necessary。 

     It   may   be   imagined   that   this   new   method   of   aerial   navigation   had 

thoroughly aroused the excitability of the French nation�察�so that thousands 

of people were met together just outside Paris on the 17th December to see 

Professor Charles and his mechanic�察�Robelt�察�ascend in their new craft。 The 

ascent was successful in every way�察�the intrepid aeronauts�察�who carried a 

barometer�察�found that they had quickly reached an altitude of over a mile。 

     After remaining aloft for nearly two hours they came down。 Professor 

Charles   decided   to   ascend   again�察  �this time   by  himself�察  �and   with   a   much 

lighter    load   the   balloon    rose   about    two    miles   above    sea´level。    The 

temperature at this height became very low�察�and M。 Charles was affected 

by violent pain in his right ear and jaw。 During the voyage he witnessed 



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the strange phenomenon of a double sunset�察�for�察�before the ascent�察�the sun 

had   set   behind   the   hills   overshadowing   the   valleys�察  �and   when   he   rose 

above the hill´tops he saw the sun again�察�and presently saw it set again。 

There is no doubt that the balloon would have risen several thousand feet 

higher�察�but the professor thought it would burst�察�and he opened the valve�察�

eventually making a safe descent about 7 miles from his starting´place。 

     England lagged behind her French neighbour's in balloon aeronautics 

much as she has recently done in aviationfor a considerable time�察�and��it 

was   not   till   August   of   the   following   year   ��1784��   that   the   first   balloon 

ascent was made in Great Britain�察�by Mr。 J。 M。 Tytler。 This took place at 

Edinburgh   in   a   fire   balloon。   Previous   to   this   an   Italian�察  �named   Lunardi�察�

had in November�察�1783�察�dispatched from the Artillery Ground�察�in London�察�

a   small   balloon   made   of   oil´silk�察  �10   feet   in   diameter   and   weighing   11 

pounds。  This   small   craft   was   sent   aloft   at   one   o'clock�察  �and   came   down�察�

about   two   and     a   half   hours   later�察  �in  Sussex�察  �about   48    miles   from   its 

starting´place。 

     In   1784   the   largest   balloon   on   record   was   sent   up   from  Lyons。 This 

immense craft was more than 100 feet in diameter�察�and stood about 130 

feet    high。   It  was    inflated   with    hot   air  over   a  straw    fire�察 �and    seven 

passengers       were    carried�察  �including     Joseph    Montgolfier      and    Pilatre   de 

Rozier。 

     But to return to de Rozier�察�whom we left earlier in the chapter�察�after his 

memorable ascent near Paris。 This daring Frenchman decided to cross the 

Channel�察�and to prevent the gas cooling�察�and the balloon falling into the 

sea�察�he hit on the idea of suspending a small fire balloon under the neck of 

another   balloon   inflated   with   hydrogen   gas。   In   the   light   of   our   modern 

knowledge of the highly´inflammable nature of hydrogen�察�we wonder how 

anyone could have attempted such an adventure�察�but there had been little 

experience       of   this  newly´discovered         gas   in   those   days。    We    are   not 

surprised to read that�察�when high in the air�察�there was an awful explosion 

and the brave aeronaut fell to the earth and was dashed to death。 



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     CHAPTER IV The First Balloon Ascent in England 



     It has been said that the honour of making the first ascent in a balloon 

from     British   soil  must    be   awarded     to  Mr。   Tytler。   This   took   place   in 

Scotland。  In this   chapter  we  will   relate  the  almost   romantic  story  of   the 

first ascent made in England。 

     This was carried out successfully by Lunardi�察�the Italian of whom we 

have   previously   spoken。   This   young   foreigner�察  �who   was   engaged   as   a 

private     secretary    in  London�察    �had    his  interest   keenly    aroused     by   the 

accounts of the experiments being carried out in balloons in France�察�and 

he decided to attempt similar experiments in this country。 

     But great difficulties stood in his way。 Like many other inventors and 

would´be   airmen�察  �he   suffered   from   lack   of   funds   to   build   his   craft�察  �and 

though   people   whom   he   approached   for   financial   aid   were   sympathetic�察�

many   of     them   were    unwilling     to  subscribe    to  his   venture。   At   length�察�

however�察     �by   indomitable     perseverance�察     �he   collected    enough    mone

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