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however�察     �by   indomitable     perseverance�察     �he   collected    enough    money     to 

defray the cost of building his balloon�察�and it was arranged that he should 

ascend from the Artillery Ground�察�London�察�in September�察�1784。 

     His craft was a ;Charlier;that is�察�it was modelled after the hydrogen´ 

inflated balloon built by Professor Charlesand it resembled in shape an 

enormous pear。 A wide hoop encircled the neck of the envelope�察�and from 

this hoop the car was suspended by stout cordage。 

     It is said that on the day announced for the ascent a crowd of nearly 

200��000   had   assembled�察  �and   that   the   Prince   of   Wales   was   an   interested 

spectator。   Farmers   and   labourers   and�察  �indeed�察  �all   classes   of   people   from 

the prince down to he humblest subject�察�were represented�察�and seldom had 

London's citizens been more deeply excited。 

     Many      of   them�察   �however�察     �were    incredulous�察    �especially     when     an 

insufficiency   of     gas   caused    a  long   delay   before    the  balloon    could    be 

liberated。   Fate   seemed   to   be   thwarting   the   plucky   Italian   at   every   step。 

Even at the last minute�察�when all arrangements had been perfected as far 

as   was   humanly   possible�察  �and   the   crowd   was   agog   with   excitement�察  �it 

appeared probable that he would have to postpone the ascent。 

     It   was   originally   intended   that   Lunardi   should   be   accompanied   by   a 



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passenger�察�but as there was a shortage of gas the balloon's lifting power 

was considerably lessened�察�and he had to take the trip with a dog and cat 

for   companions。 A  perfect   ascent   was   made�察  �and   in   a   few   moments   the 

huge     balloon     was    sailing    gracefully     in   a  northerly     direction    over 

innumerable housetops。 

     This   trip   was   memorable   in   another   way。   It   was   probably   the   only 

aerial   cruise   where   a   Royal   Council   was   put   off   in   order   to   witness   the 

flight。   It   is   recorded   that   George   the   Third   was   in   conference   with   the 

Cabinet�察�and when news arrived in the Council Chamber that Lunardi was 

aloft�察�the king remarked�此�Gentlemen�察�we may resume our deliberations at 

pleasure�察�but we may never see poor Lunardi again� ─�

     The   journey  was   uneventful�察  �there   was   a   moderate   northerly   breeze�察�

and    the   aeronaut    attained    a  considerable      altitude�察  �so  that  he   and   his 

animals were in danger of frost´bite。 Indeed�察�one of the animals suffered 

so severely from the effects of the cold that Lunardi skilfully descended 

low enough to drop it safely to earth�察�and then�察�throwing out ballast�察�once 

more ascended。 He eventually came to earth near a Hertfordshire village 

about 30 miles to the north of London。 



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         CHAPTER V The Father of British Aeronauts 



     No account of the early history of English aeronautics could possibly 

be complete unless it included a description of the Nassau balloon�察�which 

was inflated by coal´gas�察�from the suggestion of Mr。 Charles Green�察�who 

was one of Britain's most famous aeronauts。 Because of his institution of 

the modern method of using coal´gas in a balloon�察�Mr。 Green is generally 

spoken   of   as   the   Father   of   British Aeronautics。   During   the   close   of   the 

eighteenth and the opening years of the nineteenth century there had been 

numerous       ascents    in  Charlier    balloons�察   �both   in  Britain    and   on   the 

Continent。  It   had   already  been   discovered   that   hydrogen   gas   was   highly 

dangerous       and   also   expensive�察    �and   Mr。   Green    proposed      to  try  the 

experiment of inflating a balloon with ordinary coal´gas�察�which had now 

become fairly common in most large towns�察�and was much less costly than 

hydrogen。 

     Critics of the new scheme assured the promoters that coal´gas would 

be of little use for a balloon�察�averring that it had comparatively little lifting 

power�察  �and   aeronauts   could   never   expect   to   rise   to   any   great   altitude   in 

such   a   balloon。  But   Green   firmly  believed   that   his   theory  was   practical�察�

and he put it to the test。 The initial experiments quite convinced him that 

he was right。 Under his superintendence a fine balloon about 80 feet high�察�

built of silk�察�was made in South London�察�and the car was constructed to 

hold from fifteen to twenty passengers。 When the craft was completed it 

was proposed to send it to Paris for exhibition purposes�察�and the inventor�察�

with two friends�察�Messrs。 Holland and Mason�察�decided to take it over the 

Channel by air。 It is said that provisions were taken in sufficient quantities 

to last a fortnight�察�and over a ton of ballast was shipped。 

     The journey commenced in November�察�1836�察�late in the afternoon�察�as 

the aeronauts had planned to cross the sea by night。 A fairly strong north´ 

west wind quickly bore them to the coast�察�and in less than an hour they 

found themselves over the lights of Calais。 On and on they went�察�now and 

then entirely lost to Earth through being enveloped in dense fog�察�hour after 

hour   went   by�察  �until   at   length   dawn   revealed   a   densely´wooded   tract   of 

country with which   they were   entirely unfamiliar。 They  decided to land�察�



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and they were greatly surprised to find that they had reached Weilburg�察�in 

Nassau�察  �Germany。   The   whole   journey   of   500   miles   had   been   made   in 

eighteen hours。 

     Probably      no   British    aeronaut    has   made     more    daring    and    exciting 

ascents   than   Mr。   Greenunless   it   be   a   member   of   the   famous   Spencer 

family�察  �of   whom   we   speak   in   another   chapter。   It   is   said   that   Mr。   Green 

went aloft over a thousand times�察�and in later years he was accompanied 

by  various   passengers   who   were   making   ascents   for   scientific   purposes。 

His skill was so great that though he had numerous hairbreadth escapes he 

seldom suffered much bodily harm。 He lived to the ripe old age of eighty´ 

five。 



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                       CHAPTER VI The Parachute 



     No   doubt   many   of   those   who   read   this   book   have   seen   an   aeronaut 

descend   from   a   balloon   by   the   aid   of   a   parachute。   For   many   years   this 

performance has been one of the most attractive items on the programmes 

of fetes�察�galas�察�and various other outdoor exhibitions。 

     The word ;parachute; has been almost bodily taken from the French 

language。 It is derived from the French parer to parry�察�and chute a fall。 In 

appearance a parachute is very similar to an enormous umbrella。 

     M。   Blanchard�察  �one   of   the   pioneers   of   ballooning�察  �has   the   honour   of 

first   using   a   parachute�察  �although   not   in   person。   The   first   ;aeronaut;   to 

descend by this apparatus was a dog。 The astonished animal was placed in 

a basket attached to a parachute�察�taken up in a balloon�察�and after reaching a 

considerable altitude was released。 Happily for the dog the parachute acted 

quite admirably�察�and the animal had a graceful and gentle descent。 

     Shortly afterwards a well´known French aeronaut�察�M。 Garnerin�察�had an 

equally satisfactory descent�察�and soon the parachute was used by most of 

the prominent aeronauts of the day。 Mr。 Cocking�察�a well´known balloonist�察�

held somewhat different views from those of other inventors as to the best 

form of construction of parachutes。 His idea was that a parachute should 

be very large and rather heavy in order to be able to support a great weight。 

His    first  descent     from    a  great    height   was    also   his   last。  In   1837�察�

accompanied        by   Messrs。     Spencer     and   Green�察    �he   went    up   with   his 

parachute�察�attached to the Nassau balloon。 At a height of about a mile the 

parachute was liberated�察�but it failed to act properly�察�the inventor was cast 

headlong to earth�察�and dashed to death。 

     From time to time it has been thought that the parachute might be used 

for life´saving on the modern dirigible air´ship�察�and even on the aeroplane�察�

and   experiments   have   been   carried   out   with   that   end   in   view。   A   most 

thrilling descent from an air´ship by means of a parachute was that made 

by  Major   Maitland�察  �Commander   of   the   British Airship   Squadron�察  �which 

forms   part   of   the   Royal   Flying   Corps。  The   descent   took   place   from   the 

Delta   air´ship�察  �which   ascended   from   Farnborough   Common。   In   the   car 

with Major   Maitland were   the pilot�察 �Captain Waterlow�察 �and a   passenger。 



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The parachute was suspended from the rigging of the Delta�察�and when a 

height of about 2000 feet had been reached it was dropped over to the side 

of the car。 With the dirigible travelling at about 20 miles an hour the major 

climbed over the car and seated himself in the parachute。 Then it became 

detached   from   the   Delta   and   shot   downwards   for   about   200   feet   at   a 

terrific   rate。   For   a  moment      or  two    it  was   thought     that  the   opening 

apparatus had failed to work�察�but gradually the

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