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terrific   rate。   For   a  moment      or  two    it  was   thought     that  the   opening 

apparatus had failed to work�察�but gradually the ;umbrella; opened�察�and the 

gallant major had a gentle descent for the rest of the distance。 

     This experiment was really made in order to prove the stability of an 

air´ship after a comparatively great weight was suddenly removed from it。 

Lord Edward Grosvenor�察�who is attached to the Royal Flying Corps�察�was 

one of the eyewitnesses of the descent。 In speaking of it he said�此 �We all 

think highly of Major Maitland's performance�察�which has shown how the 

difficulty of lightening an air´ship after a long flight can be surmounted。 

During   a   voyage   of   several   hours   a   dirigible   naturally   loses   gas�察  �and 

without some means of relieving her of weight she might have to descend 

in   a  hostile   country。    Major    Maitland     has   proved     the  practicability    of 

members   of   an   air´ship's   crew   dropping   to   the   ground   if   the   necessity 

arises。; 

     A descent in a parachute has also been made from an aeroplane by M。 

Pegoud�察  �the   daring   French   airman�察  �of   whom   we   speak   later。   A   certain 

Frenchman�察�M。 Bonnet�察�had constructed a parachute which was intended 

to   be   used   by   the   pilot   of   an   aeroplane   if   on   any   occasion   he   got   into 

difficulties。   It   had   been   tried   in   many   ways�察  �but�察  �unfortunately   for   the 

inventor�察�he could get no pilot to trust himself to it。 Tempting offers were 

made to pilots of world´wide fame�察�but either the risk was thought to be 

too   great�察  �or   it   was   believed   that   no   practical   good   would   come   of   the 

experiment。 At last the inventor approached M。 Pegoud�察�who undertook to 

make the descent。 This was accomplished from a great height with perfect 

safety。 It seems highly probable that in the near future the parachute will 

form part of the equipment of every aeroplane and air´ship。 



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     CHAPTER VII Some British Inventors of Air´ships 



     The   first   Englishman   to   invent   an   air´ship   was   Mr。   Stanley   Spencer�察�

head   of   the   well´known   firm   of   Spencer   Brothers�察  �whose   worksare   at 

Highbury�察�North London。 

     This firm has long held an honourable place in aeronautics�察�both in the 

construction of air´craft and in aerial navigation。 Spencer Brothers claim 

to be the premier balloon manufacturers in the world�察�and�察�at the time of 

writing�察�eighteen balloons and two dirigibles lie in the works ready for use。 

In   these   works   there   may   also   be   seen   the   frame   of   the   famous   Santos´ 

Dumont air´ship�察�referred to later in this book。 

     In general appearance the first Spencer air´ship was very similar to the 

airship     flown    by   Santos´Dumont�察        �that   is�察 �there   was    the  cigar´shaped 

balloon�察  �the   small   engine�察  �and   the   screw   propellor   for   driving   the   craft 

forward。 

     But there was one very important distinction between the two air´ships。 

By  a   most   ingenious   contrivance   the   envelope   was   made   so   that�察  �in   the 

event of a large and serious escape of gas�察�the balloon would assume the 

form of a giant umbrella�察�and fall to earth after the manner of a parachute。 

     All   inventors   profit�察  �or   should   profit�察  �by   the   experience   of   others�察�

whether such experience be gained by success or failure。 It was found that 

Santos´Dumont's air´ship lost a considerable amount of gas when driven 

through   the   air�察  �and   on   several   occasions   the   whole   craft   was   in   great 

danger of collapse。 To keep the envelope inflated as tightly as possible Mr。 

Spencer�察  �by   a   clever   contrivance�察  �made   it   possible   to   force   air   into   the 

balloon to replace the escaped gas。 

     The first Spencer air´ship was built for experimental purposes。 It was 

able to lift only one person of light weight�察�and was thus a great contrast to 

the   modern   dirigible   which   carries   a   crew   of   thirty   or   forty   people。   Mr。 

Spencer   made   several   exhibition   flights   in   his   little   craft   at   the   Crystal 

Palace�察  �and   so   successful   were   they   that   he   determined   to   construct   a 

much larger craft。 

     The   second   Spencer   air´ship�察  �first   launched   in   1903�察  �was nearly  100 

feet long。 There was one very important distinction between this and other 



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air´ships built at that time�此�the propeller was placed in front of the craft�察�

instead of at the rear�察�as is the case in most air´ships。 Thus the craft was 

pulled through the air much after the manner of an aeroplane。 

     In the autumn of 1903 great enthusiasm was aroused in London by the 

announcement   that   Mr。   Spencer   proposed   to   fly  from  the   Crystal   Palace 

round the dome of St。 Paul's Cathedral and back to his starting´place。 This 

was   a   much   longer   journey   than   that   made   by   Santos´Dumont   when   he 

won the Deutsch prize。 

     Tens of thousands of London's citizens turned out to witness the novel 

sight of a giant air´ship hovering over the heart of their city�察�and it was at 

once   seen   what   enormous   possibilities   there   were   in   the   employment   of 

such craft in time of war。 The writer remembers well moving among the 

dense crowds and hearing everywhere such remarks as these�此�

     ;What would happen if a few bombs were thrown over the side of the 

air´ship�拭─   �Will   there   be   air´fleets   in   future�察  �manned   by   the   soldiers   or 

sailors�拭─�Indeed the uppermost thought in people's minds was not so much 

the    possibility    of  Mr。    Spencer     being    able   to  complete      his  journey 

successfullynearly   everyone   recognized   that   air´ship   construction   had 

now advanced so far that it was only a matter of time for an ideal craft to 

be    builtbut   that  the   coming     of  the   air´ship   was   an   affair  of   grave 

international importance。 

     The great craft�察�glistening in the sunlight�察�sailed majestically from the 

south�察�but when it reached the Cathedral it refused to turn round and face 

the wind。 Try how he might�察�Mr。 Spencer could not make any progress。 It 

was a thrilling sight to witness this battle with the elements�察�right over the 

heart of the largest city in the world。 At times the air´ship seemed to be 

standing quite still�察�head to wind。 Unfortunately�察�half a gale had sprung up�察�

and the 24´horse´power engine was quite incapable of conquering so stiff 

a breeze�察�and making its way home again。 After several gallant attempts to 

circle round the dome�察�Mr。 Spencer gave up in despair�察�and let the monster 

air´ship drift   with the   wind   over the northern suburbs of   the   city  until   a 

favourable landing´place near Barnet was reached�察�where he descended。 

     The   Spencer   air´ships   are   of   the   non´rigid   type。   Spencer   air´ship   A 

comprises a gas vessel for hydrogen 88 feet long and 24 feet in diameter�察�



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                                THE MASTERY OF THE AIR 



with   a   capacity   of   26��000   cubic   feet。   The   framework   is   of   polished   ash 

wood�察    �made     in  sections   so   that  it  can  easily   be   taken   to  pieces    and 

transported�察  �and   the   length   over   all   is   56   feet。   Two   propellers   7   feet   6 

inches   diameter�察  �made   of   satin´wood�察  �are   employed   to   drive   the   craft�察�

which is equipped with a Green engine of from 35 to 40 horse´power。 

     Spencer's air´ship B is a much larger vessel�察�being 150 feet long and 

35 feet in diameter�察�with   a   capacity for   hydrogen   of 100��000   cubic   feet。 

The framework is of steel and aluminium�察�made in sections�察�with cars for 

ten persons�察�including aeronauts�察�mechanics�察�and passengers。 It is driven 

with two petrol aerial engines of from 50 to 60 horse´power。 

     About the time that Mr。 Spencer was experimenting with his large air´ 

ship�察�Dr。 Barton�察�of Beckenham�察�was forming plans for an even larger craft。 

This he laid down in the spacious grounds of the Alexandra Park�察�to the 

north of London。 An enormous shed was erected on the northern slopes of 

the   park�察  �but   visitors   to   the   Alexandra   Palace�察  �intent   on   a   peep   at   the 

monster      air´ship   under    construction�察    �were   sorely    disappointed�察    �as  the 

utmost secrecy in the building of the craft was maintained。 

     The huge balloon was 43 feet in diameter and 176 feet long�察�with a gas 

capacity   of    235��000     cubic   feet。  To   maintain     the  external    form   of  the 

envelope a smaller balloon�察�or compensator�察�was placed inside the larger 

one。 The   framework   was of bamboo�察 �and   the   car was   attached by  about 

eighty wire´cables。 The wooden deck was about 123 feet in length。 Two 

50´horse´power engines drove four propellers�察�two of which were at either 

end。 

     The inventor employed a  most ingenious contrivance to preserve the 

horizontal balance of the air´ship。 Fitted�察�one at each end of the carriage�察�

were two 50´gallon tanks。 These tanks were connected with a long pipe�察�in 

the   centre   of   which   was   a   hand´pump。   When   the   bow   of   the   air´ship 

dipped�察�the   man   at   the   pump   could   transfer   some   of   the   water   from  the 

fore´tank to the after´tank�察�and the ship would right itself。 The water could 

similarly be transferred from the after´tank to the fore´tank when the stern 

of the craft

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