the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑)-及6何蛍
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
similarly be transferred from the after´tank to the fore´tank when the stern
of the craft pointed downwards。
There were many reports�察�in the early months of 1905�察�that the air´ship
was going to be brought out from the shed for its trial flights�察 �and the
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THE MASTERY OF THE AIR
writer�察�in common with many other residents in the vicinity of the park�察�
made dozens of journeys to the shed in the expectation of seeing the
mighty dirigible sail away。 But for months we were doomed to
disappointment�察�something always seemed to go wrong at the last minute�察�
and the flight had to be postponed。
At last�察�in 1905�察�the first ascent took place。 It was unsuccessful。 The
huge balloon�察 �made of tussore silk�察 �cruised about for some time�察 �then
drifted away with the breeze�察�and came to grief in landing。
A clever inventor of air´ships�察�a young Welshman�察�Mr。 E。 T。 Willows�察�
designed in 1910�察�an air´ship in which he flew from Cardiff to London in
the darka distance of 139 miles。 In the same craft he crossed the English
Channel a little later。
Mr。 Willows has a large shed in the London aerodrome at Hendon�察�and
he is at present working there on a new air´ship。 For some time he has
been the only successful private builder of air´ships in Great Britain。 The
Navy possess a small Willows air´ship。
Messrs。 Vickers�察 �the famous builders of battleships�察 �are giving
attention to the construction of air´ships for the Navy�察 �in their works at
Walney Island�察 �Barrow´in´Furness。 This firm has erected an enormous
shed�察�540 feet long�察�150 feet broad�察�and 98 feet high。 In this shed two of
the largest air´ships can be built side by side。 Close at hand is an extensive
factory for the production of hydrogen gas。
At each end of the roof are towers from which the difficult task of
safely removing an air´ship from the shed can be directed。
At the time of writing�察�the redoubtable DORA ��Defence of the Realm
Act�� forbids any but the vaguest references to what is going forward in the
way of additions to our air forces。 But it may be stated that air´ships are
included in the great constructive programme now being carried out。 It is
not long since the citizens of Glasgow were treated to the spectacle of a
full´sized British ;Zep; circling round the city prior to her journey south�察�
and so to regions unspecified。 And use�察�too�察�is being found by the naval
arm for that curious hybrid the ;Blimp;�察 �which may be described as a
cross between an aeroplane and an air´ship。
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CHAPTER VIII The First Attempts to Steer a
Balloon
For nearly a century after the invention of the Montgolfier and
Charlier balloons there was not much progress made in the science of
aeronautics。 True�察�inventors such as Charles Green suggested and carried
out new methods of inflating balloons�察�and scientific observations of great
importance were made by balloonists both in Britain and on the Continent。
But in the all´important work of steering the huge craft�察�progress was for
many years practically at a standstill。 All that the balloonist could do in
controlling his balloon was to make it ascend or descend at will�察�he could
not guide its direction of flight。 No doubt pioneers of aeronautics early
turned their attention to the problem of providing some apparatus�察�or some
method�察 �of steering their craft。 One inventor suggested the hoisting of a
huge sail at the side of the envelope�察�but when this was done the balloon
simply turned round with the sail to the front。 It had no effect on the
direction of flight of the balloon。 ;Would not a rudder be of use�拭─�
someone asked。 This plan was also tried�察�but was equally unsuccessful。
Perhaps some of us may wonder how it is that a rudder is not as
serviceable on a balloon as it is on the stern of a boat。 Have you ever
found yourself in a boat on a calm day�察 �drifting idly down stream�察 �and
going just as fast as the stream goes�拭�Work the rudder how you may�察�you
will not alter the boat's course。 But supposing your boat moves faster than
the stream�察�or by some means or other is made to travel slower than the
current�察�then your rudder will act�察�and you may take what direction you
will。
It was soon seen that if some method could be adopted whereby the
balloon moved through the air faster or slower than the wind�察 �then the
aeronaut would be able to steer it。 Nowadays a balloon's pace can be
accelerated by means of a powerful motor´engine�察�but the invention of the
petrol´engine is very recent。 Indeed�察 �the cause of the long delay in the
construction of a steerable balloon was that a suitable engine could not be
found。 A steam´engine�察 �with a boiler of sufficient power to propel a
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THE MASTERY OF THE AIR
balloon�察�is so heavy that it would require a balloon of impossible size to
lift it。
One of the first serious attempts to steer a balloon by means of engine
power was that made by M。 Giffard in 1852。 Giffard's balloon was about
100 feet long and 40 feet in diameter�察�and resembled in shape an elongated
cigar。 A 3´horse´power steam´engine�察 �weighing nearly 500 pounds�察 �was
provided to work a propeller�察 �but the enormous weight was so great in
proportion to the lifting power of the balloon that for a time the aeronaut
could not leave the ground。 After several experiments the inventor
succeeded in ascending�察 �when he obtained a speed against the wind of
about 6 miles an hour。
A balloon of great historical interest was that invented by Dtipuy du
Lonie�察�in the year 1872。 Instead of using steam he employed a number of
men to propel the craft�察�and with this air´ship he hoped to communicate
with the besieged city of Paris。
His greatest speed against a moderate breeze was only about 5 miles
an hour�察�and the endurance of the men did not allow of even this speed
being kept up for long at a time。
Dupuy foreshadowed the construction of the modern dirigible air´ship
by inventing a system of suspension links which connected the car to the
envelope�察�and he also used an internal ballonet similar to those described
in Chapter X。
In the year 1883 Tissandier invented a steerable balloon which was
fitted with an electric motor of 1 1/2 horse´power。 This motor drove a
propeller�察 �and a speed of about 8 miles an hour was attained。 It is
interesting to contrast the power obtained from this engine with that of
recent Zeppelin air´ships�察�each of which is fitted with three or four engines�察�
capable of producing over 800 horse´power。
The first instance on record of an air´ship being steered back to its
starting´point was that of La France。 This air´craft was the invention of
two French army captains�察 �Reynard and Krebs。 By special and much´
improved electric motors a speed of about 14 miles an hour was attained。
Thus�察 �step by step�察 �progress was made�察 �but notwithstanding the
promising results it was quite evident that the engines were far too heavy
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in proportion to the power they supplied。 At length�察�however�察�the internal´
combustion engine�察�such as is used in motor´cars�察�arrived�察�and it became at
last possible to solve the great problem of constructing a really´serviceable�察�
steerable balloon。
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CHAPTER IX The Strange Career of Count
Zeppelin
In Berlin�察 �on March 8�察 �1917�察 �there passed away a man whose name
will be remembered as long as the English language is spoken。 For Count
Zeppelin belongs to that little band of men who giving birth to a work of
genius have also given their names to the christening of it�察 �and so the
patronymic will pass down the ages。
In the most sinister sense of the expression Count Zeppelin may be
said to have left his mark deep down upon the British race。 In course of
time many old scores are forgiven and forgotten�察�but the Zeppelin raids on
England will survive�察�if only as a curious failure。 Their failure was both
material and moral。 Anti´aircraft guns and our intrepid airmen brought one
after another of these destructive monsters blazing to the ground�察�and their
work of ;frightfulness; was taken up by the aeroplane�察 �while more
lamentable still was the failure of the Zeppelin as an instrument of terror
to the civil population。 In the long list of German miscalculations must