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the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑)-及6何蛍

弌傍�� the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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similarly be transferred from the after´tank to the fore´tank when the stern 

of the craft pointed downwards。 

     There were many reports�察�in the early months of 1905�察�that the air´ship 

was   going   to   be   brought   out   from   the   shed   for   its   trial   flights�察  �and   the 



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writer�察�in common with many other residents in the vicinity of the park�察�

made   dozens   of   journeys   to   the   shed   in   the   expectation   of   seeing   the 

mighty      dirigible    sail   away。    But    for   months      we    were    doomed      to 

disappointment�察�something always seemed to go wrong at the last minute�察�

and the flight had to be postponed。 

     At last�察�in 1905�察�the first ascent took place。 It was unsuccessful。 The 

huge   balloon�察  �made   of   tussore   silk�察  �cruised   about   for   some   time�察  �then 

drifted away with the breeze�察�and came to grief in landing。 

     A clever inventor of air´ships�察�a young Welshman�察�Mr。 E。 T。 Willows�察�

designed in 1910�察�an air´ship in which he flew from Cardiff to London in 

the darka distance of 139 miles。 In the same craft he crossed the English 

Channel a little later。 

     Mr。 Willows has a large shed in the London aerodrome at Hendon�察�and 

he   is   at   present   working   there   on   a   new   air´ship。   For   some   time   he   has 

been the only successful private builder of air´ships in Great Britain。 The 

Navy possess a small Willows air´ship。 

     Messrs。      Vickers�察   �the   famous     builders     of   battleships�察   �are   giving 

attention   to   the   construction   of   air´ships   for   the   Navy�察  �in   their   works   at 

Walney   Island�察  �Barrow´in´Furness。   This   firm   has   erected   an   enormous 

shed�察�540 feet long�察�150 feet broad�察�and 98 feet high。 In this shed two of 

the largest air´ships can be built side by side。 Close at hand is an extensive 

factory for the production of hydrogen gas。 

     At   each   end   of   the   roof   are   towers   from   which   the   difficult   task   of 

safely removing an air´ship from the shed can be directed。 

     At the time of writing�察�the redoubtable DORA ��Defence of the Realm 

Act�� forbids any but the vaguest references to what is going forward in the 

way of additions to our air forces。 But it may be stated that air´ships are 

included in the great constructive programme now being carried out。 It is 

not long since the citizens of Glasgow were treated to the spectacle of a 

full´sized British ;Zep; circling round the city prior to her journey south�察�

and so to regions unspecified。 And use�察�too�察�is being found by the naval 

arm   for   that   curious   hybrid   the   ;Blimp;�察  �which   may   be   described   as   a 

cross between an aeroplane and an air´ship。 



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          CHAPTER VIII The First Attempts to Steer a 



                                         Balloon 



     For    nearly    a  century     after   the  invention      of  the   Montgolfier      and 

Charlier   balloons   there   was   not   much   progress   made   in   the   science   of 

aeronautics。 True�察�inventors such as Charles Green suggested and carried 

out new methods of inflating balloons�察�and scientific observations of great 

importance were made by balloonists both in Britain and on the Continent。 

But in the all´important work of steering the huge craft�察�progress was for 

many  years   practically  at   a standstill。 All   that   the balloonist   could   do in 

controlling his balloon was to make it ascend or descend at will�察�he could 

not   guide   its   direction   of   flight。   No   doubt   pioneers   of   aeronautics   early 

turned their attention to the problem of providing some apparatus�察�or some 

method�察 �of steering   their   craft。  One inventor suggested   the hoisting  of   a 

huge sail at the side of the envelope�察�but when this was done the balloon 

simply   turned   round   with   the   sail   to   the   front。   It   had   no   effect   on   the 

direction     of   flight  of   the   balloon。    ;Would     not   a  rudder     be  of   use�拭─�

someone asked。 This plan was also tried�察�but was equally unsuccessful。 

     Perhaps   some   of   us   may   wonder   how   it   is   that   a   rudder   is   not   as 

serviceable   on   a   balloon   as   it   is   on   the   stern   of   a   boat。   Have   you   ever 

found   yourself   in   a   boat   on   a   calm   day�察  �drifting   idly   down   stream�察  �and 

going just as fast as the stream goes�拭�Work the rudder how you may�察�you 

will not alter the boat's course。 But supposing your boat moves faster than 

the stream�察�or by some means or other is made to travel slower than the 

current�察�then your rudder will act�察�and you may take what direction you 

will。 

     It was soon seen that if some method could be adopted whereby the 

balloon   moved   through   the   air   faster   or   slower   than   the   wind�察  �then   the 

aeronaut   would   be   able   to   steer   it。   Nowadays   a   balloon's   pace   can   be 

accelerated by means of a powerful motor´engine�察�but the invention of the 

petrol´engine   is   very   recent。   Indeed�察  �the   cause   of   the   long   delay   in   the 

construction of a steerable balloon was that a suitable engine could not be 

found。     A   steam´engine�察     �with    a  boiler   of  sufficient    power    to   propel    a 



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                                 THE MASTERY OF THE AIR 



balloon�察�is so heavy that it would require a balloon of impossible size to 

lift it。 

     One of the first serious attempts to steer a balloon by means of engine 

power was that made by M。 Giffard in 1852。 Giffard's balloon was about 

100 feet long and 40 feet in diameter�察�and resembled in shape an elongated 

cigar。 A  3´horse´power   steam´engine�察  �weighing   nearly   500   pounds�察  �was 

provided   to   work   a   propeller�察  �but   the   enormous   weight   was   so   great   in 

proportion to the lifting power of the balloon that for a time the aeronaut 

could     not   leave    the   ground。     After   several     experiments      the   inventor 

succeeded   in   ascending�察  �when   he   obtained   a   speed   against   the   wind   of 

about 6 miles an hour。 

     A balloon of great historical interest was that invented by Dtipuy du 

Lonie�察�in the year 1872。 Instead of using steam he employed a number of 

men to propel the craft�察�and with this air´ship he hoped to communicate 

with the besieged city of Paris。 

     His greatest speed against a moderate breeze was only about 5 miles 

an hour�察�and   the endurance of the   men did not   allow of   even this   speed 

being kept up for long at a time。 

     Dupuy foreshadowed the construction of the modern dirigible air´ship 

by inventing a system of suspension links which connected the car to the 

envelope�察�and he also used an internal ballonet similar to those described 

in Chapter X。 

     In   the   year   1883   Tissandier   invented   a   steerable   balloon   which   was 

fitted   with   an   electric   motor   of   1   1/2   horse´power。   This   motor   drove   a 

propeller�察    �and   a  speed     of  about    8  miles    an   hour   was    attained。    It  is 

interesting   to   contrast   the   power   obtained   from   this   engine   with   that   of 

recent Zeppelin air´ships�察�each of which is fitted with three or four engines�察�

capable of producing over 800 horse´power。 

     The   first   instance   on   record   of   an   air´ship   being   steered   back   to   its 

starting´point   was   that   of   La   France。 This   air´craft   was   the   invention   of 

two   French   army   captains�察  �Reynard   and   Krebs。   By   special   and   much´ 

improved electric motors a speed of about 14 miles an hour was attained。 

     Thus�察    �step   by   step�察  �progress     was    made�察   �but   notwithstanding        the 

promising results it was quite evident that the engines were far too heavy 



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                           THE MASTERY OF THE AIR 



in proportion to the power they supplied。 At length�察�however�察�the internal´ 

combustion engine�察�such as is used in motor´cars�察�arrived�察�and it became at 

last possible to solve the great problem of constructing a really´serviceable�察�

steerable balloon。 



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           CHAPTER IX The Strange Career of Count 



                                       Zeppelin 



     In   Berlin�察  �on   March   8�察  �1917�察  �there passed   away  a   man   whose   name 

will be remembered as long as the English language is spoken。 For Count 

Zeppelin belongs to that little band of men who giving birth to a work of 

genius   have   also   given   their   names   to   the   christening   of   it�察  �and   so   the 

patronymic will pass down the ages。 

     In   the   most   sinister   sense   of   the   expression   Count   Zeppelin   may   be 

said to have left his mark deep down upon the British race。 In course of 

time many old scores are forgiven and forgotten�察�but the Zeppelin raids on 

England will survive�察�if only as a curious failure。 Their failure was both 

material and moral。 Anti´aircraft guns and our intrepid airmen brought one 

after another of these destructive monsters blazing to the ground�察�and their 

work     of  ;frightfulness;     was    taken   up   by   the  aeroplane�察    �while    more 

lamentable still was the failure of the Zeppelin as an instrument of terror 

to the civil population。 In the long list of German miscalculations must

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