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     Such was the life of Plotinus�察�a man of sense and virtue�察�and so modest 

that   he   would   not   allow   his   portrait   to   be   painted。  His   character   drew 

good   men   round   him�察  �his   repute   for   supernatural   virtues   brought   ;fools 

into    a  circle。;   What      he  meant     by   his  belief   that  four   times    he  had�察�

;whether in the body or out of the body�察─�been united with the Spirit of the 

world�察�who knows�拭          �What does Tennyson mean when he writes�此�

       ;So word by word�察�and line by line�察�The dead man touch'd me from 



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the past�察�And all at once it seem'd at last His living soul was flashed on 

mine。 

     And   mine   in   his   was   wound   and   whirl'd About   empyreal   heights   of 

thought�察�And came on that which is�察�and caught The deep pulsations of the 

world。; 

       Mystery�      �We cannot fathom it�察�we know not the paths of the souls 

of   Pascal   and   Gordon�察  �of   Plotinus   and   St。   Paul。   They   are   wise   with   a 

wisdom not of this world�察�or with a foolishness yet more wise。 

     In his practical philosophy Plotinus was an optimist�察�or at least he was 

at war with pessimism。 

     ;They that love God bear lightly the ways of the worldbear   lightly 

whatsoever befalls them of necessity in the general movement of things。; 

He   believed   in   a   rest   that   remains   for   the   people   of   God�察   �where   they 

speak not one   with the other�察  �but�察�as   we understand many  things by  the 

eyes   only�察  �so   does   soul   read   soul   in   heaven�察 �where   the   spiritual   body  is 

pure�察  �and   nothing   is   hidden�察  �and   nothing   feigned。;   The   arguments          by 

which these opinions are buttressed may be called metaphysical�察�and may 

be   called   worthless�察  �the   conviction�察  �and   the   beauty   of   the   language   in 

which it is stated�察�remain immortal possessions。 

     Why such a man as Plotinus�察�with such ideas�察�remained a pagan�察�while 

Christianity   offered   him   a   sympathetic   refuge�察  �who   can   tell�拭  �Probably 

natural conservatism�察�in him as in Dr。 Johnson conservatism and taste 

caused his adherence to the forms at least of the older creeds。                  There was 

much to laugh at in Plotinus�察�and much to like。                 But if you read him in 

hopes of material for strange stories�察�you will be disappointed。                    Perhaps 

Lord Lytton and others who have invoked his name in fiction ��like Vivian 

Grey in Lord Beaconsfield's tale�� knew his name better than his doctrine。 

His   ;Enneads�察─  �even   as   edited by  his   patient   Boswell�察 �Porphyry�察 �are   not 

very light subjects of study。 



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                                LUCRETIUS 



     To the Rev。 Geoffrey Martin�察�Oxford。 

     Dear Martin�察�How individuals found religious consolation from the 

creeds of ancient Greece and Rome; is�察�as you quote C。 O。 Muller�察 �a very 

curious question。;        It is odd that   while we  have countless   books on   the 

philosophy   and   the   mythology   and   the   ritual   of   the   classic   peoples�察  �we 

hear    about   their   religion   in  the  modern     sense   scarcely   anything     from 

anybody。      We   know   very   well   what   gods   they   worshipped�察  �and   what 

sacrifices they offered to the Olympians�察�and what stories they told about 

their   deities�察  �and   about   the   beginnings   of   things。   We   know�察  �too�察  �in   a 

general way�察  �that the   gods were interested in   morality。            They  would   all 

punish   offences   in   their   own   department�察  �at   least   when   it   was   a   case   of 

numine   laeso�察  �when   the   god   who   protected   the   hearth   was   offended   by 

breach of hospitality�察�or when the gods invoked to witness an oath were 

offended by perjury。 

     But how did a religiously minded man regard the gods�拭                   �What hope 

or what fears did he entertain with regard to the future life�拭               �Had he any 

sense of sin�察�as more than a thing that could be expiated by purification 

with   the   blood   of   slaughtered   swine�察  �or   by   purchasing   the   prayers   and 

;masses�察─�so to speak�察�of the mendicant clergy or charlatans�察�mentioned by 

Plato in the ;Republic;�拭        �About these great questions of the religious life´ 

´the Future and man's fortunes in the future�察�the punishment or reward of 

justice or iniquitywe really know next to nothing。 

     That is one reason why the great poem of Lucretius seems so valuable 

to me。     The De Rerum Natura was written for no other purpose than to 

destroy Religion�察�as Lucretius understood it�察�to free men's minds from all 

dread as to future punishment�察�all hope of Heaven�察�all dread or desire for 

the interference of the gods in this mortal life of ours on earth。                 For no 

other reason did Lucretius   desire to ;know the  causes of things�察─  �except 

that the knowledge would bring ;emancipation�察─�as people call it�察�from the 

gods�察�to whom men had hitherto stood in the relation of the Roman son to 

the Roman sire�察�under the patria potestas or in manu patris。 



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     As Lucretius wrought all his arduous work to this end�察�it follows that 

his fellow´countrymen must have gone in a constant terror about spiritual 

penalties�察  �which   we   seldom   associate   in   thought   with   the   ;blithe;   and 

careless existence of the ancient peoples。               In every line of Lucretius you 

read    the   joy   and   the   indignation      of  the   slave   just   escaped     from    an 

intolerable   thraldom   to   fear。     Nobody   could   well   have   believed   on   any 

other evidence that the classical people had a gloomy Calvinism of their 

own time。       True�察�as early as Homer�察�we hear of the shadowy existence of 

the souls�察�and of the torments endured by the notably wicked�察�by impious 

ghosts�察�or tyrannical�察�like Sisyphus and Tantalus。                 But when we read the 

opening books of the ;Republic�察─�we find the educated friends of Socrates 

treating these terrors as old´wives' fables。            They have heard�察�they say�察�that 

such     notions    circulate    among     the   people�察   �but   they   seem    never    for   a 

moment        to   have    themselves      believed     in   a   future    of   rewards     and 

punishments。 

     The remains of ancient funereal art�察�in Etruria or Attica�察�usually show 

us    the   semblances      of   the  dead    lying    at  endless    feasts�察  �or   receiving 

sacrifices     of  food    and   wine    ��as  in  Egypt��    from   their    descendants�察     �or�察�

perhaps�察  �welcoming   the   later   dead�察  �their   friends   who   have   just   rejoined 

them。     But it is only in the descriptions by Pausanias and others of certain 

old   wall´paintings   that   we   hear   of   the   torments   of   the   wicked�察  �of   the 

demons that torture them and�察�above all�察�of the great chief fiend�察�coloured 

like a carrion fly。 To judge from Lucretius�察�although so little remains to us 

of this creed�察�yet it had a very strong hold of the minds of people�察�in the 

century before Christ。          Perhaps the belief was reinforced by the teaching 

of Socrates�察�who�察�in the vision of Er�察�in the ;Republic�察─�brings back�察�in a 

myth�察�the old popular faith in a Purgatorio�察�if not in an Inferno。 

     In the ;Phaedo�察─�for certain�察�we come to the very definite account of a 

Hell�察  �a   place   of   eternal   punishment�察  �as   well   as   of   a   Purgatory�察  �whence 

souls     are   freed   when     their   sins   are   expiated。     ;The      spirits   beyond 

redemption�察  �for   the   multitude   of   their   murders   or   sacrileges�察  �Fate   hurls 

into   Tartarus�察  �whence   they   never   any   more   come   forth。;   But   souls   of 

lighter guilt abide a year in Tartarus�察�and then drift out down the streams 

Cocytus and Pyriphlegethon。              Thence they reach the marsh of Acheron�察�



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but are not released until they have received the pardon of the souls whom 

in life they had injured。 

     All   this�察  �and   much   more   to   the   same   purpose   in   other   dialogues   of 

Plato's�察   �appears    to   have   been    derived    by   Socrates     from    the  popular 

unphilosophic traditions�察�from Folk´lore in short�察�and to have been raised 

by him to the rank of ;pious opinion�察─�if not of dogma。                   Now�察�Lucretius 

represents nothing but the reaction against all this dread of future doom�察�

whether that dread   was inculcated   by  Platonic philosophy  or   by  popular 

belief。    The latter   must have   been   much   the more   powerful   and   widely 

diffused。     It follows that the Romans�察�at least�察�must have been haunted by 

a constant dread of judgment to come�察�from which�察�but for the testimony 

of Lucretius and his manifest sincerity�察�we might have believed them free。 

     Perhaps we may regret the existence of this Roman religion�察�for it did 

its best to ruin a great poet。        The sublimity of the language of Lucretius�察�

when   he   can   leave   his   attempts   at   scientific   proof�察  �the   closeness   of   his 

observation�察 �his   enjoyment   of   life�察 �of   Nature�察  �and   his   power  of   painting 

them�察�a certain largeness of touch�察�and noble amplitude of mannerthese�察�

with a burning sincerity�察  �mark him above all others that sm

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