life of robert browning(袋荻蒙,下席逓勧)-及39何蛍
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
has been educed from `Childe Roland'�察�to cite but one instance�察�to start a
School of Philosophy with�此 �though it so happens that the poem is an
imaginative fantasy�察�written in one day。 Worse still�察�it was not inspired by
the mystery of existence�察�but by `a red horse with a glaring eye standing
behind a dun one on a piece of tapestry that used to hang in the poet's
drawing´room。'* Of all his faults�察�however�察�the worst is that jugglery�察�that
inferior legerdemain�察 �with the elements of the beautiful in verse�此 �most
obvious in ;Sordello;�察�in portions of ;The Ring and the Book;�察�and in so
many of the later poems。 These inexcusable violations are like the larvae
within certain vegetable growths�此 �soon or late they will destroy their
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environment before they perish themselves。 Though possessive above all
others of that science of the percipient in the allied arts of painting and
music�察 �wherein he found the unconventional Shelley so missuaded by
convention�察�he seemed ever more alert to the substance than to the manner
of poetry。 In a letter of Mrs。 Browning's she alludes to a friend's
;melodious feeling; for poetry。 Possibly the phrase was accidental�察�but it is
significant。 To inhale the vital air of poetry we must love it�察 �not merely
find it ;interesting;�察 �suggestive;�察 �soothing;�察 �stimulative;�此�in a word�察�we
must have a ;melodious feeling; for poetry before we can deeply enjoy it。
Browning�察�who has so often educed from his lyre melodies and harmonies
of transcendent�察 �though novel�察 �beauty�察 �was too frequently�察 �during
composition�察�without this melodious feeling of which his wife speaks。 The
distinction between literary types such as Browning or Balzac on the one
hand�察�and Keats or Gustave Flaubert on the other�察�is that with the former
there exists a reverence for the vocation and a relative indifference to the
means�察�in themselves and�察�with the latter�察�a scrupulous respect for the
mere means as well as for that to which they conduce。 The poet who does
not love words for themselves�察�as an artist loves any chance colour upon
his palette�察�or as the musician any vagrant tone evoked by a sudden touch
in idleness or reverie�察�has not entered into the full inheritance of the sons
of Apollo。 The writer cannot aim at beauty�察 �that which makes literature
and art�察�without this heed without�察�rather�察�this creative anxiety�此�for it is
certainly not enough�察�as some one has said�察�that language should be used
merely for the transportation of intelligence�察 �as a wheelbarrow carries
brick。 Of course�察 �Browning is not persistently neglectful of this
fundamental necessity for the literary artist。 He is often as masterly in this
as in other respects。 But he is not always�察�not often enough�察�alive to the
paramount need。 He writes with ;the verse being as the mood it paints�此─�
but�察 �unfortunately�察 �the mood is often poetically unformative。 He had no
passion for the quest for seductive forms。 Too much of his poetry has been
born prematurely。 Too much of it�察 �indeed�察 �has not died and been born
again for all immortal verse is a poetic resurrection。 Perfect poetry is the
deathless part of mortal beauty。 The great artists never perpetuate gross
actualities�察�though they are the supreme realists。 It is Schiller�察�I think�察�who
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says in effect�察�that to live again in the serene beauty of art�察�it is needful
that things should first die in reality。 Thus Browning's dramatic method�察�
even�察 �is sometimes disastrous in its untruth�察 �as in Caliban's analytical
reasoning an initial absurdity�察 �as Mr。 Berdoe has pointed out�察 �adding
epigrammatically�察 �Caliban is a savage�察�with the introspective powers of a
Hamlet�察�and the theology of an evangelical Churchman。' Not only Caliban�察�
but several other of Browning's personages ��Aprile�察 �Eglamour�察 �etc。�� are
what Goethe calls `schwankende Gestalten'�察�mere ;wavering images;。
* One account says `Childe Roland' was written in three days�察�
another�察�that it was composed in one。 Browning's rapidity in composition
was extraordinary。 ;The Return of the Druses; was written in five days�察�an
act a day�察�so�察�also�察�was ;A Blot in the 'Scutcheon;。
Montaigne�察 �in one of his essays�察 �says that to stop gracefully is sure
proof of high race in a horse�此�certainly to stop in time is imperative upon
the poet。 Of Browning may be said what Poe wrote of another�察 �that his
genius was too impetuous for the minuter technicalities of that elaborate
ART so needful in the building up of monuments for immortality。 But has
not a greater than Poe declared that ;what distinguishes the artist from the
amateur is `architectonike' in the highest sense�察 �that power of execution
which creates�察 �forms�察 �and constitutes�此 �not the profoundness of single
thoughts�察�not the richness of imagery�察�not the abundance of illustration。;
Assuredly�察 �no ;new definition; can be an effective one which conflicts
with Goethe's incontrovertible dictum。
But this much having been admitted�察�I am only too willing to protest
against the uncritical outcry against Browning's musical incapacity。
A deficiency is not incapacity�察�otherwise Coleridge�察�at his highest the
most perfect of our poets�察 �would be lowly estimated。 ;Bid shine what
would�察�dismiss into the shade What should not be and there triumphs the
paramount Surprise o' the master。; 。 。 。
Browning's music is oftener harmonic than melodic�此 �and musicians
know how the general ear�察�charmed with immediately appellant melodies�察�
resents�察�wearies of�察�or is deaf to the harmonies of a more remote�察�a more
complex�察�and above all a more novel creative method。 He is�察�among poets�察�
what Wagner is among musicians�察 �as Shakespeare may be likened to
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Beethoven�察 �or Shelley to Chopin。 The common assertion as to his
incapacity for metric music is on the level of those affirmations as to his
not being widely accepted of the people�察�when the people have the chance�察�
or as to the indifference of the public to poetry generally and this in an
age when poetry has never been so widely understood�察�loved�察�and valued�察�
and wherein it is yearly growing more acceptable and more potent� �
A great writer is to be adjudged by his triumphs�察�not by his failures�此�as�察�
to take up Montaigne's simile again�察�a famous race´horse is remembered
for its successes and not for the races which it lost。 The tendency with
certain critics is to reverse the process。 Instead of saying with the
archbishop in Horne's ;Gregory VII。;�察 �He owes it all to his Memnonian
voice� �He has no genius�此─�or of declaring�察�as Prospero says of Caliban in
;The Tempest;�察 �He is as disproportioned in his manners as in his shape�此─�
how much better to affirm of him what Ben Jonson wrote of Shakespeare�察�
;Hee redeemed his vices with his vertues�此�there was ever more in him to
bee praysed than to bee pardoned。; In the balance of triumphs and failures�察�
however�察�is to be sought the relative measure of genius whose equipoise
should be the first matter of ascertainment in comparative criticism。
For those who would discriminate between what Mr。 Traill succinctly
terms his GENERIC greatness as thinker and man of letters�察 �and his
SPECIFIC power as poet�察 �it is necessary to disabuse the mind of
Browning's ;message;。 The question is not one of weighty message�察�but of
artistic presentation。 To praise a poem because of its optimism is like
commending a peach because it loves the sunshine�察�rather than because of
its distinguishing bloom and savour。 The primary concern of the artist
must be with his vehicle of expression。 In the instance of a poet�察 �this
vehicle is language emotioned to the white´heat of rhythmic music by
impassioned thought or sensation。 Schopenhauer declares it is all a
question of style now with poetry�察 �that everything has been sung�察 �that
everything has been duly cursed�察�that there is nothing left for poetry but to
be the glowing forge of words。 He forgets that in quintessential art there is
nothing of the past�察�nothing old�此�even the future has part therein only in
that the present is always encroaching upon�察 �becoming�察 �the future。 The
famous pessimistic philosopher has�察�in common with other critics�察�made�察�
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in effect�察�the same remark that Style exhales the odour of the soul�此�yet
he himself has indicated that the strength of Shakespeare lay in the fact
that `he had no taste��' that `he was not a man of letters。' Whenever genius
has displayed epic force it has establis