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study of the king james bible(杯咫ヾ淵将ゝ冩梢)-及39何蛍

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has been sharp controversy about the Bible。 It is a controversy´provoking 

Book。 It cannot accept blind faith。 It always has made men think�察�and it 

makes   them   think   in   the      line   of   their   own  times。   The    days   when   no 

questions   were   raised   about   the   Bible   were   the   days   when   men   had   no 

access to it。 

     There   are   some   who   take   all   the   Bible   for   granted。   They   know   that 

there is indifference to it among friends and in their social circle�察�but how 

real the dispute about the Bible is   no one realizes until he comes   where 

new ideas�察�say ideas of socialism�察�are in the air。 There�察�with the breaking 

of other chains�察�is a mighty effort to break this bond also。 In such circles 

the   Bible   is   little   read。   It   is   discussed�察  �and   time´   worn   objections   are 

bandied   about�察  �always   growing   as   they   pass。   In   these   circles   also   every 

supposedly adverse result of critical study is welcomed and remembered。 

If it is said that there are unexplained contradictions in the Bible�察�that fact 

is remembered。 But if it is said further that those contradictions bid fair to 

yield to further critical study�察�or to a wiser understanding of the situations 



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in which they are involved�察�that fact is overlooked。 The tendency in these 

circles is to keep alive rather the adverse phases of critical study than its 

favorable phases。 Some of those who speak most fiercely about the study 

of the Bible�察�by what is known as higher criticism�察�are least intelligent as 

to    what    higher     criticism    actually    means。     Believers      regret   it�察 �and 

unbelievers   rejoice   in   it。   As   a   matter   of   fact�察  �in   developing   any   strong 

feeling about higher criticism one only falls a prey to words�察�he mistakes 

the meaning of both the words involved。 

     Criticism does not mean finding fault with the Bible。��1�А�It is almost an 

argument for total depravity that we have made the word gain an adverse 

meaning�察�so that if the average man were told that he had been ;criticized; 

by another be would suppose that something had been said against him。 Of 

course�察�intelligent people know that that is not necessarily involved。 When 

Kant wrote The Critique of Pure Reason he was not finding fault with pure 

reason。   He   was   only  making   careful   analytical   study  of   it。   Now�察  �critical 

study   of   the   Bible   is   only   careful   study   of   it。   It   finds   vastly   more   new 

beauties     than   unseen    defects。   In   the  same    way    the  adjective    ;higher; 

comes in for misunderstanding。 It does not mean superior�察�it means more 

difficult。 Lower criticism is the study of the text itself。 What word ought to 

be here�察�and exactly what does that word mean�拭�What is the comparative 

value   of   this   manuscript   over   against   that   one�拭  �If   this   manuscript   has   a 

certain word and that other has a slightly different one�察�which word ought 

to be used�拭�

       ��1�А�Jefferson�察�Things Fundamental�察�p。 90。 

       Take one illustration from the Old Testament and one from the New 

to show what lower or textual criticism does。 In the ninth chapter of Isaiah 

the third verse reads�此 �Thou hast multiplied the nation and not increased 

the joy。; That word ;not; is troublesome。 It disagrees with the rest of the 

passage。   Now   it   happens   that   there   are   two   Hebrew   words   pronounced 

;lo�察─�just alike in sound�察�but spelled differently。 One means ;not�察─�the other 

means ;to him; or ;his。; Put the second word in�察�and the sentence reads�此�

;Thou      hast  multiplied     the  nation    and   increased    its  joy。;  That    fits  the 

context exactly。 Lower criticism declares that it is therefore the probable 

reading�察�and corrects the text in that way。 



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     The other illustration is from the Epistle of James�察�where in the fourth 

chapter the second verse reads�此 �Ye lust�察�and have not�察�ye kill�察�and desire 

to have�察�and cannot obtain�察�ye fight and war�察�yet ye have not�察�because ye 

ask not。; Now there is no commentator nor thoughtful reader who is not 

arrested by that word ;kill。; It does not seem to belong there。 It is far more 

violent     than    anything      else   in   the   whole     text�察  �and    it  is  difficult    to 

understand in what sense the persons to whom James was writing could be 

said   to   kill。 Yet   there   is   no   Greek   manuscript   which   does   not   have   that 

word。 Well�察�it is in the field of lower criticism to observe that there is a 

Greek word which sounds very much like this word ;kill�察─�which means to 

envy�察    �that   would     fit  exactly    into   the   whole     text  here。    All   that  lower 

criticism can do is to point out such a probability。 

        When this form of criticism has done its part�察�and careful study has 

yielded   a   text   which   holds   together   and   which   represents   the   very   best 

which   scholarship   can   find   for   the   original�察  �there   is   still   a   field   more 

difficult than that�察�higher in the sense that it demands a larger and broader 

view of the whole subject。 Here one studies the meaning of the whole�察�the 

ideas     in  it�察 �seeks    to  find   how     the   revelation     of   God    has   progressed 

according   to   the   capacities   of   men   to   receive   it。   Higher   criticism   is   the 

careful   study   of   the   historical   and   original   meanings   of   Scripture�察  �the 

effort to determine   dates   and   times   and�察 �so   far   as   may  be�察 �the   author of 

each writing�察�analyzing its ideas�察�the general Greek or Hebrew style�察�the 

relation of part to part。 That is not a thing to be afraid of。 It is a method of 

study   used   in   every   realm。   It   is   true   that   some   of   the   men   who   have 

followed   that   method   have   made   others   afraid   of   it�察  �because   they   were 

afraid   of   these   men   themselves。   It   is   possible   to   claim  far   too   much   for 

such study。 But if the result of higher criticism should be to show that the 

latter half of the prophecy of Isaiah is much later than the earlier half�察�that 

is not   a   destruction of   the Word   of   God。  It   is  not   an irreverent   result of 

study。   If   the   result   of   higher   criticism   is   to   show   that   by   reason   of   its 

content�察    �and    the   lessons    which     it  especially     urges�察   �the  Epistle     to  the 

Hebrews was not written by the Apostle Paul�察�as it does not at any point 

claim   to   have   been�察  �why�察  �that   is   not   irreverent�察  �that   is   not   destructive。 

There is a destructive form of higher criticism�察�against that there is reason 



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to set up bulwarks。 But there is a constructive form of it also。 Scholarly 

opinion   will   tell   any   one   who   asks   that   criticism   has   not   affected   the 

fundamental values of the Bible。 In the studies which have just now been 

made we have not instanced anything in the Bible that is subject to change。 

No     matter   what    the   result   of  critical   study   may    be�察  �the   fundamental 

democracy   of   the   Scripture   remains。   It   continues   to   make   its   persistent 

moral   appeal   on   any  terms。  Both   those great   facts   continue。   Other   great 

facts abide with them。 And on their account it is to our interest to know as 

much as we can learn about it。 The Bible has not been lessened in its value�察�

has not been weakened in itself�察�by anything that has taken place in critical 

study。 On the other hand�察�the net result of such studies as archaeology has 

been     the   confirmation      of  much     that   was   once    disputed。     Sir  William 

Ramsay  is   authority  for   saying   that the   spade   of the   excavator   is   to´day 

digging the grave of many enemies of the Bible。 

     Take     the   second    question�察   �whether     these    times   have    not   in  them 

elements      that   weaken      the   hold   of   the   Bible。   There     again    we   must 

distinguish between facts and judgments。 There are certain things in these 

times which relax the hold of any authoritative book。 There is a general 

relaxing     of   the  sense    of  authority。    It  does    not  come     alone    from    the 

intellectual awakening�察�because so far as that awakening is concerned�察�it 

has affected quite as much men who continue loyal to the authority of the 

Bible as others。 No�察�this relaxing of the sense of authority is the result of 

the first feeling of democracy which does not know law。 Democracy ought 

to mean that men are left independent of the control of other individuals 

because they realize and wish to obey the control of God or of the whole 

equally with their fellows。 When�察�instead�察�one feels independent of others�察�

and adds to that no sense of a higher control which he must be free to obey�察�

the    result   is  not   democracy�察      �but   individualism。      Democracy        involves 

control�察�individualism does not。 A vast number of people in passing from 

any   sense   of   the   right   of   another   individual   to   control   them   have   also 

passed out of the sense of the right of God or of the whole to control them。 

So    that   from    a   good    many     all  sense    of  authority    has    passed。    It  is 

characteristic   of   our   age。   And   it   is   a   stage   in   our   progress   toward   real 

democracy�察�toward tr

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