伊浪窮徨慕 > 訊伽傅亭窮徨慕 > descartes¨ reason discourse(却触櫛議容尖) >

及4何蛍

descartes¨ reason discourse(却触櫛議容尖)-及4何蛍

弌傍�� descartes¨ reason discourse(却触櫛議容尖) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




instructed�察  �ought   rather   to   content   themselves   with   the   opinions   of   such 

than trust for more correct to their own reason。 

     For my own part�察�I should doubtless have belonged to the latter class�察�

had I received instruction from but one master�察�or had I never known the 

diversities   of   opinion   that   from  time   immemorial   have   prevailed   among 

men of the greatest learning。           But I had bee aware�察�even so early as 

during   my   college   life�察  �that   no   opinion�察  �however   absurd   and   incredible�察�

can    be   imagined�察   �which     has  not   been   maintained      by   some   on   of  the 

philosophers�察�and afterwards in the course of my travels I remarked that 

all those  whose opinions are decidedly  repugnant to ours are  not in that 

account   barbarians   and   savages�察  �but   on   the   contrary   that   many   of   these 

nations make an equally good�察�if not better�察�use of their reason than we do。 

I   took   into  account     also  the   very   different   character    which     a  person 

brought up from infancy in France or Germany exhibits�察�from that which�察�

with the same mind originally�察�this individual would have possessed had 

he lived always among the Chinese or with savages�察�and the circumstance 

that in dress itself the fashion which pleased us ten years ago�察�and which 

may   again�察  �perhaps�察  �be   received   into   favor   before   ten   years   have   gone�察�

appears to us at this moment extravagant and ridiculous。                   I was thus led 

to infer that the ground of our opinions is far more custom and example 

than any certain knowledge。           And�察�finally�察�although such be the ground of 



                                                12 


´ Page 13´

       DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON�察�AND 



                            SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES 



our   opinions�察  �I   remarked   that   a  plurality  of   suffrages   is   no   guarantee   of 

truth where it is at   all of   difficult discovery�察 �as in such cases   it is   much 

more likely that it will be found by one than by many。                  I could�察�however�察�

select    from     the   crowd     no   one    whose     opinions     seemed     worthy     of 

preference�察�and thus I found myself constrained�察�as it were�察�to use my own 

reason in the conduct of my life。 

     But like one walking alone and in the dark�察�I resolved to proceed so 

slowly and with such circumspection�察�that if I did not advance far�察�I would 

at least guard against falling。        I did not even choose to dismiss summarily 

any   of   the   opinions   that   had   crept   into   my   belief   without   having   been 

introduced   by   reason�察  �but   first   of   all   took   sufficient   time   carefully   to 

satisfy myself of the general nature of the task I was setting myself�察�and 

ascertain the true method by which to arrive at the knowledge of whatever 

lay within the pass of my powers。 

     Among the branches of philosophy�察�I had�察�at an earlier period�察�given 

some      attention    to   logic�察  �and    among      those    of  the   mathematics        to 

geometrical analysis and algebra�察 �three arts or sciences which ought�察�as I 

conceived�察�to contribute something to my design。                  But�察�on examination�察�I 

found     that�察 �as   for  logic�察  �its  syllogisms    and    the  majority     of  its  other 

precepts   are   of   avail´   rather   in   the   munication   of   what   we   already 

know�察�or even as the art of Lully�察�in speaking without judgment of things 

of which we are ignorant�察�than in the investigation of the unknown�察�and 

although      this  science    contains    indeed     a  number     of   correct   and   very 

excellent precepts�察�there are�察�nevertheless�察�so many others�察�and these either 

injurious or superfluous�察�mingled with the former�察�that it is almost quite as 

difficult to effect a severance of the true from the false as it is to extract a 

Diana or a Minerva from a rough block of marble。 Then as to the analysis 

of the ancients and the algebra of the moderns�察�besides that they embrace 

only matters highly abstract�察�and�察�to appearance�察�of no use�察�the former is 

so exclusively restricted to the consideration of figures�察�that it can exercise 

the understanding only on condition of greatly fatiguing the imagination�察�

and�察  �in   the   latter�察  �there   is   so   plete   a   subjection   to   certain   rules   and 

formulas�察     �that   there   results    an   art  full   of  confusion      and   obscurity 

calculated to embarrass�察�instead of a science fitted to cultivate the mind。 



                                                13 


´ Page 14´

       DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON�察�AND 



                           SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES 



By these considerations I was induced to seek some other method which 

would   prise   the   advantages   of   the   three   and   be   exempt   from   their 

defects。    And as a multitude of laws often only hampers justice�察�so that a 

state is best governed when�察�with few laws�察�these are rigidly administered�察�

in like manner�察�instead of the great number of precepts of which logic is 

posed�察      �I  believed    that  the   four   following    would    prove    perfectly 

sufficient   for   me�察  �provided   I   took   the   firm   and   unwavering   resolution 

never in a single instance to fail in observing them。 

     The first was never to accept anything for true which I did not clearly 

know     to  be   such�察  �that  is  to  say�察 �carefully   to  avoid    precipitancy    and 

prejudice�察�and to prise nothing more in my judgement than what was 

presented to my mind so clearly and distinctly as to exclude all ground of 

doubt。 

     The second�察�to divide each of the difficulties under examination into as 

many     parts   as  possible�察   �and   as  might    be   necessary    for  its  adequate 

solution。 

     The third�察�to conduct my thoughts in such order that�察�by mencing 

with objects the simplest and easiest to know�察�I might ascend by little and 

little�察�and�察�as it were�察�step by step�察�to the knowledge of the more plex�察�

assigning in thought a certain order even to those objects which in their 

own nature do not stand in a relation of antecedence and sequence。 

     And   the   last�察  �in   every   case   to   make   enumerations   so   plete�察  �and 

reviews so general�察�that I might be assured that nothing was omitted。 

     The   long   chains   of   simple   and   easy   reasonings   by   means   of   which 

geometers are accustomed to reach the conclusions of their most difficult 

demonstrations�察�had led me to imagine that all things�察�to the knowledge of 

which man is petent�察�are mutually connected in the same way�察�and that 

there is nothing so far removed from us as to be beyond our reach�察�or so 

hidden     that   we   cannot    discover    it�察 �provided     only   we   abstain    from 

accepting the false for the true�察�and always   preserve in our thoughts   the 

order necessary for the deduction of one truth from another。                  And I had 

little difficulty in determining the objects with which it was necessary to 

mence�察�for I was already persuaded that it must be with the simplest 

and easiest to know�察�and�察�considering that of all those who have hitherto 



                                               14 


´ Page 15´

       DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON�察�AND 



                            SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES 



sought truth in the sciences�察�the mathematicians alone have been able to 

find any demonstrations�察�that is�察�any certain and evident reasons�察�I did not 

doubt   but   that   such   must   have   been   the   rule   of   their   investigations。   I 

resolved   to   mence�察  �therefore�察  �with   the   examination   of   the   simplest 

objects�察�not anticipating�察�however�察�from this any other advantage than that 

to be found in accustoming my mind to the love and nourishment of truth�察�

and to a distaste for all such reasonings as were unsound。                   But I had no 

intention on that account of attempting to master all the particular sciences 

monly         denominated       mathematics�此       �but    observing     that�察  �however 

different    their   objects�察  �they   all  agree    in  considering     only   the   various 

relations or proportions subsisting among those objects�察�I thought it best 

for   my   purpose   to   consider   these   proportions   in   the   most   general   form 

possible�察�without referring them to any objects in particular�察�except such as 

would most facilitate the knowledge of them�察�and without by any means 

restricting them to these�察�that afterwards I might thus be the better able to 

apply them to every other class of objects to which they are legitimately 

applicable。      Perceiving further�察�that in order to understand these relations 

I should sometimes have to consider them one by one and sometimes only 

to bear them in mind�察�or embrace them in the aggregate�察�I thought that�察�in 

order   the   better   to   consider   them   individually�察  �I   should   view   them   as 

subsisting between straight lines�察�than which I could find no objects more 

simple�察�or capable of being more distinctly represented to my imagination 

and   senses�察  �and   on   the   other   hand�察  �that   in   order   to   retain   them   in   the 

memory   or   embrace   an   aggregate   of   many�察  �I   should   express   them   by 

certain characters the briefest possible。           In this way I believed that I could 

borrow all that was best both in geometrical analysis and in algebra�察�and 

correct all the defects of the one by help of the other。 

     And�察  �in   point   of   fact�察  �the   accurate   observance   of   these   few   precepts 

gave   me�察  �I   take   the   liberty   of   saying�察  �such

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��1�� 家��1��

低辛嬬浪散議