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gave   me�察  �I   take   the   liberty   of   saying�察  �such   ease   in   unraveling   all   the 

questions embraced in these two sciences�察�that in the two or three months I 

devoted to their examination�察�not only did I reach solutions of questions I 

had formerly deemed exceedingly difficult but even as regards questions 

of the solution of which I continued ignorant�察�I was enabled�察�as it appeared 

to me�察�to determine the means whereby�察�and the extent to which a solution 



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was   possible�察  �results   attributable   to   the   circumstance   that   I   menced 

with    the   simplest    and    most   general    truths�察  �and   that   thus   each    truth 

discovered was a rule available in the discovery of subsequent ones Nor in 

this perhaps shall I appear too vain�察�if it be considered that�察�as the truth on 

any particular point is one whoever apprehends the truth�察�knows all that on 

that    point     can   be  known。      The     child�察  �for  example�察    �who     has   been 

instructed in the elements of arithmetic�察�and has made a particular addition�察�

according to rule�察�may be assured that   he has found�察�with respect to   the 

sum   of   the   numbers   before   him�察  �and   that   in   this   instance   is   within   the 

reach of human genius。           Now�察�in conclusion�察�the method which teaches 

adherence to the true order�察�and an exact enumeration of all the conditions 

of   the   thing   。sought    includes    all  that  gives    certitude   to   the  rules   of 

arithmetic。 

     But   the   chief   ground   of   my   satisfaction   with   thus   method�察  �was   the 

assurance I had of thereby exercising my reason in all matters�察�if not with 

absolute perfection�察�at least with the greatest attainable by me�此�besides�察�I 

was conscious that by its use my mind was being gradually habituated 

to clearer and more distinct conceptions of its objects�察�and I hoped also�察�

from not having restricted this method to any particular matter�察�to apply it 

to the difficulties of the other sciences�察�with not less success than to those 

of algebra。      I should not�察�however�察�on this account have ventured at once 

on the examination of all the difficulties of the sciences which presented 

themselves       to  me�察   �for  this   would     have   been    contrary     to  the   order 

prescribed   in   the   method�察  �but   observing   that   the   knowledge   of   such   is 

dependent       on  principles    borrowed      from   philosophy�察    �in  which     I  found 

nothing certain�察�I thought it necessary first of all to endeavor to establish 

its principles。     。And because I observed�察 �besides�察�that an inquiry of   this 

kind     was   of   all  others    of  the   greatest    moment�察     �and   one   in   which 

precipitancy   and   anticipation       in  judgment   were   most   to      be   dreaded�察  �I 

thought that I ought not to approach it till I had reached a more mature age 

��being at that time but twenty´three���察�and had first of all employed much 

of my  time in   preparation for the work�察  �as well   by eradicating   from  my 

mind all the erroneous opinions I had up to that moment accepted�察�as by 

amassing variety of experience to afford materials for my reasonings�察�and 



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by   continually   exercising   myself   in   my   chosen   method   with   a   view   to 

increased skill in its application。 



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                                     PART III 



     And   finally�察  �as   it   is   not   enough�察  �before   mencing   to   rebuild   the 

house in which we live�察�that it be pulled down�察�and materials and builders 

provided�察  �or   that   we   engage   in   the   work   ourselves�察  �according   to   a   plan 

which     we   have    beforehand     carefully    drawn    out�察 �but   as  it  is  likewise 

necessary that we be furnished with some other house in which we may 

live    modiously       during    the  operations�察   �so  that   I  might   not  remain 

irresolute   in   my  actions�察  �while   my   reason   pelled   me   to   suspend   my 

judgement�察�and that I might not be prevented from living thenceforward in 

the    greatest   possible    felicity�察 �I  formed     a  provisory     code   of   morals�察�

posed of three or four maxims�察�with which I am desirous to make you 

acquainted。 

     The first was to obey the laws and customs of my country�察�adhering 

firmly to the faith in which�察�by the grace of God�察�I had been educated from 

my childhood and regulating my conduct in every other matter according 

to the most moderate opinions�察�and the farthest removed from extremes�察�

which should happen to be adopted in practice with general consent of the 

most   judicious   of   those   among   whom   I   might   be   living。     For   as   I   had 

from   that   time   begun   to   hold   my   own   opinions   for   nought   because   I 

wished to subject them all to examination�察�I was convinced that I could not 

do better than follow in the meantime the opinions of the most judicious�察�

and although there are some perhaps among the Persians and Chinese as 

judicious as among ourselves�察�expediency seemed to dictate that I should 

regulate   my  practice   conformably  to   the  opinions   of   those   with   whom  I 

should have to live�察�and it appeared to me that�察�in order to ascertain the 

real   opinions   of   such�察  �I   ought   rather   to   take   cognizance   of   what   they 

practised than of what they said�察�not only because�察�in the corruption of our 

manners�察�there are few disposed to speak exactly as they believe�察�but also 

because very many are not aware of what it is that they really believe�察�for�察�

as the act of mind by which a thing is believed is different from that by 

which we know that we believe it�察�the one act is often found without the 



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other。 Also�察�amid many opinions held in equal repute�察�I chose always the 

most   moderate�察  �as   much   for   the   reason   that   these   are   always   the   most 

convenient for practice�察�and probably the best ��for all excess is generally 

vicious���察�as that�察�in the event of my falling into error�察�I   might be at less 

distance   from   the   truth   than   if�察  �having   chosen   one   of   the   extremes�察  �it 

should   turn   out   to   be   the   other   which   I   ought   to   have   adopted。  And   I 

placed in the class of extremes especially all promises by which somewhat 

of our freedom is abridged�察�not that I disapproved of the laws which�察�to 

provide against the instability of men of feeble resolution�察�when what is 

sought   to   be   acplished   is   some   good�察  �permit   engagements   by   vows 

and contracts binding the parties to persevere in it�察�or even�察�for the security 

of merce�察�sanction similar engagements where the purpose sought to 

be   realized   is   indifferent�此  �but   because   I   did   not   find   anything   on   earth 

which      was    wholly     superior    to   change�察    �and    because�察    �for   myself    in 

particular�察  �I   hoped   gradually  to   perfect   my   judgments�察  �and   not   to   suffer 

them to deteriorate�察�I would have deemed it a grave sin against good sense�察�

if�察  �for   the   reason   that   I   approved   of   something   at   a   particular   time�察  �I 

therefore   bound   myself   to   hold   it   for   good   at   a   subsequent   time�察  �when 

perhaps it had ceased to be so�察�or I had ceased to esteem it such。 

     My second maxim was to be as firm and resolute in my actions as I 

was able�察�and not to adhere less steadfastly to the most doubtful opinions�察�

when once adopted�察�than if they had been highly certain�察�imitating in this 

the example of travelers who�察�when they have lost their way in a forest�察�

ought not   to   wander   from side to side�察  �far less remain   in one place�察  �but 

proceed constantly towards the same side in as straight a line as possible�察�

without   changing   their   direction   for   slight   reasons�察  �although   perhaps   it 

might be chance alone which at first determined the selection�察�for in this 

way�察�if they do not exactly reach the point they desire�察�they will e at 

least   in   the   end   to   some   place   that   will   probably   be   preferable   to   the 

middle of a forest。        In the same way�察�since in action it frequently happens 

that no delay is permissible�察�it is very certain that�察�when it is not in our 

power to determine what is true�察�we ought to act according to what is most 

probable�察�and even although we should not remark a greater probability in 

one opinion than in another�察�we ought notwithstanding to choose one or 



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the other�察�and afterwards consider it�察�in so far as it relates to practice�察�as no 

longer     dubious�察   �but   manifestly     true   and   certain�察   �since    the   reason    by 

which      our   choice    has   been    determined       is   itself  possessed      of  these 

qualities。     This   principle   was   sufficient   thenceforward   to   rid   me   of

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