descartes¨ reason discourse(却触櫛議容尖)-及6何蛍
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
qualities。 This principle was sufficient thenceforward to rid me of all
those repentings and pangs of remorse that usually disturb the consciences
of such feeble and uncertain minds as�察 �destitute of any clear and
determinate principle of choice�察 �allow themselves one day to adopt a
course of action as the best�察�which they abandon the next�察�as the opposite。
My third maxim was to endeavor always to conquer myself rather than
fortune�察�and change my desires rather than the order of the world�察�and in
general�察 �accustom myself to the persuasion that�察 �except our own
thoughts�察�there is nothing absolutely in our power�察�so that when we have
done our best in things external to us�察�all wherein we fail of success is to
be held�察 �as regards us�察 �absolutely impossible�此 �and this single principle
seemed to me sufficient to prevent me from desiring for the future
anything which I could not obtain�察�and thus render me contented�察�for since
our will naturally seeks those objects alone which the understanding
represents as in some way possible of attainment�察 �it is plain�察 �that if we
consider all external goods as equally beyond our power�察�we shall no more
regret the absence of such goods as seem due to our birth�察�when deprived
of them without any fault of ours�察 �than our not possessing the kingdoms
of China or Mexico�察�and thus making�察�so to speak�察�a virtue of necessity�察�
we shall no more desire health in disease�察 �or freedom in imprisonment�察�
than we now do bodies incorruptible as diamonds�察�or the wings of birds to
fly with。 But I confess there is need of prolonged discipline and
frequently repeated meditation to accustom the mind to view all objects in
this light�察 �and I believe that in this chiefly consisted the secret of the
power of such philosophers as in former times were enabled to rise
superior to the influence of fortune�察�and�察�amid suffering and poverty�察�enjoy
a happiness which their gods might have envied。 For�察 �occupied
incessantly with the consideration of the limits prescribed to their power
by nature�察 �they became so entirely convinced that nothing was at their
disposal except their own thoughts�察 �that this conviction was of itself
sufficient to prevent their entertaining any desire of other objects�察�and over
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their thoughts they acquired a sway so absolute�察 �that they had some
ground on this account for esteeming themselves more rich and more
powerful�察�more free and more happy�察�than other men who�察�whatever be the
favors heaped on them by nature and fortune�察 �if destitute of this
philosophy�察�can never mand the realization of all their desires。
In fine�察 �to conclude this code of morals�察 �I thought of reviewing the
different occupations of men in this life�察�with the view of making choice
of the best。 And�察 �without wishing to offer any remarks on the
employments of others�察�I may state that it was my conviction that I could
not do better than continue in that in which I was engaged�察 �viz。�察 �in
devoting my whole life to the culture of my reason�察 �and in making the
greatest progress I was able in the knowledge of truth�察�on the principles of
the method which I had prescribed to myself。 This method�察 �from the
time I had begun to apply it�察�had been to me the source of satisfaction so
intense as to lead me to�察�believe that more perfect or more innocent could
not be enjoyed in this life�察�and as by its means I daily discovered truths
that appeared to me of some importance�察 �and of which other men were
generally ignorant�察 �the gratification thence arising so occupied my mind
that I was wholly indifferent to every other object。 Besides�察 �the three
preceding maxims were founded singly on the design of continuing the
work of self´ instruction。 For since God has endowed each of us with
some light of reason by which to distinguish truth from error�察�I could not
have believed that I ought for a single moment to rest satisfied with the
opinions of another�察�unless I had resolved to exercise my own judgment in
examining these whenever I should be duly qualified for the task。 Nor
could I have proceeded on such opinions without scruple�察�had I supposed
that I should thereby forfeit any advantage for attaining still more accurate�察�
should such exist。 And�察�in fine�察�I could not have restrained my desires�察�
nor remained satisfied had I not followed a path in which I thought myself
certain of attaining all the knowledge to the acquisition of which I was
petent�察 �as well as the largest amount of what is truly good which I
could ever hope to secure Inasmuch as we neither seek nor shun any
object except in so far as our understanding represents it as good or bad�察�
all that is necessary to right action is right judgment�察�and to the best action
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the most correct judgment�察�that is�察�to the acquisition of all the virtues with
all else that is truly valuable and within our reach�察�and the assurance of
such an acquisition cannot fail to render us contented。
Having thus provided myself with these maxims�察 �and having placed
them in reserve along with the truths of faith�察�which have ever occupied
the first place in my belief�察�I came to the conclusion that I might with
freedom set about ridding myself of what remained of my opinions。 And�察�
inasmuch as I hoped to be better able successfully to acplish this work
by holding intercourse with mankind�察�than by remaining longer shut up in
the retirement where these thoughts had occurred to me�察�I betook me again
to traveling before the winter was well ended。 And�察 �during the nine
subsequent years�察 �I did nothing but roam from one place to another�察�
desirous of being a spectator rather than an actor in the plays exhibited
on the theater of the world�察�and�察�as I made it my business in each matter to
reflect particularly upon what might fairly be doubted and prove a source
of error�察 �I gradually rooted out from my mind all the errors which had
hitherto crept into it。 Not that in this I imitated the sceptics who doubt
only that they may doubt�察�and seek nothing beyond uncertainty itself�察�for�察�
on the contrary�察�my design was singly to find ground of assurance�察�and
cast aside the loose earth and sand�察 �that I might reach the rock or the
clay。 In this�察 �as appears to me�察 �I was successful enough�察 �for�察 �since I
endeavored to discover the falsehood or incertitude of the propositions I
examined�察�not by feeble conjectures�察�but by clear and certain reasonings�察�I
met with nothing so doubtful as not to yield some conclusion of adequate
certainty�察 �although this were merely the inference�察 �that the matter in
question contained nothing certain。 And�察�just as in pulling down an old
house�察�we usually reserve the ruins to contribute towards the erection�察�so�察�
in destroying such of my opinions as I judged to be Ill´founded�察�I made a
variety of observations and acquired an amount of experience of which I
availed myself in the establishment of more certain。 And further�察 �I
continued to exercise myself in the method I had prescribed�察�for�察�besides
taking care in general to conduct all my thoughts according to its rules�察�I
reserved some hours from time to time which I expressly devoted to the
employment of the method in the solution of mathematical difficulties�察�or
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even in the solution likewise of some questions belonging to other
sciences�察�but which�察�by my having detached them from such principles of
these sciences as were of inadequate certainty�察 �were rendered almost
mathematical�此 �the truth of this will be manifest from the numerous
examples contained in this volume。 And thus�察 �without in appearance
living otherwise than those who�察 �with no other occupation than that of
spending their lives agreeably and innocently�察�study to sever pleasure from
vice�察 �and who�察 �that they may enjoy their leisure without ennui�察 �have
recourse to such pursuits as are honorable�察�I was nevertheless prosecuting
my design�察�and making greater progress in the knowledge of truth�察�than I
might�察 �perhaps�察 �have made had I been engaged in the perusal of books
merely�察�or in holding converse with men