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descartes¨ reason discourse(却触櫛議容尖)-及7何蛍

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might�察  �perhaps�察  �have   made   had   I   been   engaged   in   the   perusal   of   books 

merely�察�or in holding converse with men of letters。 

     These   nine   years   passed   away�察  �however�察  �before   I   had   e   to   any 

determinate       judgment     respecting     the   difficulties   which     form   matter    of 

dispute   among   the   learned�察  �or   had   menced   to   seek   the   principles   of 

any philosophy more certain than the vulgar。                 And the examples of many 

men   of   the   highest   genius�察  �who   had�察  �in   former   times�察  �engaged   in   this 

inquiry�察�but�察�as appeared to me�察�without success�察�led me to imagine it to be 

a work of so much difficulty�察�that I would not perhaps have ventured on it 

so soon had I not heard it currently            rumored that I had already pleted 

the inquiry。      I know not what were the grounds of this opinion�察�and�察�if my 

conversation       contributed      in  any    measure     to   its  rise�察 �this   must    have 

happened   rather   from   my   having   confessed   my   Ignorance   with   greater 

freedom  than   those   are   accustomed   to   do   who   have   studied   a   little�察  �and 

expounded   perhaps�察  �the   reasons   that   led   me   to   doubt   of   many   of   those 

things that by others are esteemed certain�察�than from my having boasted of 

any system of philosophy。             But�察�as I am of a disposition that makes me 

unwilling   to   be   esteemed   different   from   what   I   really   am�察  �I   thought   it 

necessary      to  endeavor      by   all  means     to  render    myself     worthy    of   the 

reputation   accorded   to   me�察  �and   it   is   now   exactly   eight   years   since   this 

desire constrained me to remove from all those places where interruption 

from   any   of   my   acquaintances   was   possible�察  �and   betake   myself   to   this 

country�察�in which the long duration of the war has led to the establishment 

of such discipline�察 �that the armies   maintained seem  to be of use only  in 



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enabling the inhabitants to enjoy more securely the blessings of peace and 

where�察  �in   the   midst   of   a   great   crowd   actively   engaged   in   business�察  �and 

more careful of their own affairs than curious about those of others�察�I have 

been enabled to live without being deprived of any of the conveniences to 

be had in the most populous cities�察�and yet as solitary and as retired as in 

the midst of the most remote deserts。 



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                                     PART IV 



     I am in doubt as to the propriety of making my first meditations in the 

place above mentioned matter of discourse�察�for these are so metaphysical�察�

and so unmon�察�as not�察�perhaps�察�to be acceptable to every one。                        And 

yet�察�that it may be determined whether the foundations that I have laid are 

sufficiently   secure�察  �I   find   myself   in   a   measure   constrained   to   advert   to 

them。     I   had   long   before    remarked     that�察 �in  relation   to  practice�察  �it  is 

sometimes       necessary   to    adopt�察  �as  if  above   doubt�察   �opinions    which    we 

discern   to   be   highly   uncertain�察  �as   has   been   already   said�察  �but   as   I   then 

desired to give my attention solely to the search after truth�察�I thought that a 

procedure exactly the opposite was called for�察�and that I ought to reject as 

absolutely false all opinions in regard to which I could suppose the least 

ground for doubt�察�in order to ascertain whether after that there remained 

aught in my belief that was wholly indubitable。                Accordingly�察�seeing that 

our   senses   sometimes   deceive   us�察  �I   was   willing   to   suppose   that   there 

existed nothing really such as they presented to us�察�and because some men 

err in reasoning�察�and fall into paralogisms�察�even on the simplest matters of 

geometry�察�I�察�convinced that I was as open to error as any other�察�rejected as 

false all the reasonings I had hitherto taken for demonstrations�察�and finally�察�

when I considered that the very same thoughts ��presentations�� which we 

experience   when   awake   may   also   be   experienced   when   we   are   asleep�察�

while   there   is   at   that   time   not   one   of   them   true�察  �I   supposed   that   all   the 

objects ��presentations��   that had   ever entered into my   mind when   awake�察�

had    in   them    no   more    truth  than    the  illusions    of  my    dreams。     But 

immediately upon this I observed that�察�whilst I thus wished to think that all 

was false�察�it was absolutely necessary that I�察�who thus thought�察�should be 

somewhat�察      �and   as   I  observed    that   this  truth�察 �I  think�察  �therefore   I  am 

��COGITO   ERGO   SUM���察  �was   so   certain   and   of   such   evidence   that   no 

ground   of   doubt�察  �however   extravagant�察  �could   be   alleged   by   the   sceptics 

capable of shaking it�察�I concluded that I might�察�without scruple�察�accept it 

as the first principle of the philosophy of which I was in search 



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     In the next place�察�I attentively examined what I was and as I observed 

that I could suppose that I had no body�察�and that there was no world nor 

any place in which I might be�察�but that I could not therefore suppose that I 

was   not�察  �and   that�察  �on   the   contrary�察  �from   the   very   circumstance   that   I 

thought to doubt of the truth of other things�察�it most clearly and certainly 

followed that I was�察�while�察�on the other hand�察�if I had only ceased to think�察�

although   all   the   other   objects   which   I   had   ever   imagined   had   been   in 

reality   existent�察  �I   would   have   had   no   reason   to   believe   that   I   existed�察  �I 

thence concluded   that   I   was   a   substance   whose   whole   essence or   nature 

consists   only   in   thinking�察  �and   which�察  �that   it   may   exist�察  �has   need   of   no 

place�察�nor is dependent on any material thing�察�so that ; I�察─�that is to say�察�the 

mind by which I am what I am�察�is wholly distinct from the body�察�and is 

even more easily known than the latter�察�and is such�察�that although the latter 

were not�察�it would still continue to be all that it is。 

     After this I inquired in general into what is essential I to the truth and 

certainty of a proposition�察�for since I had discovered one which I knew to 

be true�察�I thought that I must likewise be able to discover the ground of 

this certitude。      And as I observed that in the words I think�察�therefore I am�察�

there is nothing at all which gives me assurance of their truth beyond this�察�

that   I   see   very   clearly   that   in   order   to   think   it   is   necessary   to   exist�察  �I 

concluded that   I   might   take�察  �as   a   general   rule�察  �the   principle�察  �that   all   the 

things     which     we   very    clearly    and   distinctly    conceive      are  true�察  �only 

observing�察�however�察�that there is some difficulty in rightly determining the 

objects which we distinctly conceive。 

     In the next place�察�from reflecting on the circumstance that I doubted�察�

and that consequently my being was not wholly perfect ��for I clearly saw 

that it was a greater perfection to know than to doubt���察�I was led to inquire 

whence I had learned to think of something more perfect than myself�察�and 

I clearly recognized that I must hold this notion from some nature which 

in reality  was   more   perfect。       As   for the   thoughts   of many  other objects 

external to me�察�as of the sky�察�the earth�察�light�察�heat�察�and a thousand more�察�I 

was   less   at   a   loss   to   know   whence   these   came�察  �for   since   I   remarked   in 

them   nothing   which   seemed   to   render   them   superior   to   myself�察  �I   could 

believe that�察�if these were true�察�they were dependencies on my own nature�察�



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in so far as it possessed a certain perfection�察�and�察�if they were false�察�that I 

held them from nothing�察�that is to say�察�that they were in me because of a 

certain imperfection of my nature。             But this could not be the case with´ 

the   idea   of   a   nature   more   perfect   than   myself�察  �for   to   receive   it   from 

nothing   was   a   thing   manifestly   impossible�察  �and�察  �because   it   is   not   less 

repugnant that the more perfect should be an effect of�察�and dependence on 

the less perfect�察�than that something should proceed from nothing�察�it was 

equally   impossible   that   I   could   hold   it   from   myself�此  �accordingly�察  �it   but 

remained that it had been placed in me by a nature which was in reality 

more   perfect   than   mine�察  �and   which   even   possessed   within   itself   all   the 

perfections of which I could form any idea�察�that is to say�察�in a single word�察�

which was God。          And to this I added that�察�since I knew some perfections 

which I did not possess�察�I was not the only being in existence ��I will here�察�

with   your   permission�察  �freely   use   the   terms   of   the   schools���察  �but�察  �on   the 

contrary�察�that there was of necessity some other more perfect Being upon 

whom I was dependent�察�an

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