descartes¨ reason discourse(却触櫛議容尖)-及7何蛍
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might�察 �perhaps�察 �have made had I been engaged in the perusal of books
merely�察�or in holding converse with men of letters。
These nine years passed away�察 �however�察 �before I had e to any
determinate judgment respecting the difficulties which form matter of
dispute among the learned�察 �or had menced to seek the principles of
any philosophy more certain than the vulgar。 And the examples of many
men of the highest genius�察 �who had�察 �in former times�察 �engaged in this
inquiry�察�but�察�as appeared to me�察�without success�察�led me to imagine it to be
a work of so much difficulty�察�that I would not perhaps have ventured on it
so soon had I not heard it currently rumored that I had already pleted
the inquiry。 I know not what were the grounds of this opinion�察�and�察�if my
conversation contributed in any measure to its rise�察 �this must have
happened rather from my having confessed my Ignorance with greater
freedom than those are accustomed to do who have studied a little�察 �and
expounded perhaps�察 �the reasons that led me to doubt of many of those
things that by others are esteemed certain�察�than from my having boasted of
any system of philosophy。 But�察�as I am of a disposition that makes me
unwilling to be esteemed different from what I really am�察 �I thought it
necessary to endeavor by all means to render myself worthy of the
reputation accorded to me�察 �and it is now exactly eight years since this
desire constrained me to remove from all those places where interruption
from any of my acquaintances was possible�察 �and betake myself to this
country�察�in which the long duration of the war has led to the establishment
of such discipline�察 �that the armies maintained seem to be of use only in
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SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
enabling the inhabitants to enjoy more securely the blessings of peace and
where�察 �in the midst of a great crowd actively engaged in business�察 �and
more careful of their own affairs than curious about those of others�察�I have
been enabled to live without being deprived of any of the conveniences to
be had in the most populous cities�察�and yet as solitary and as retired as in
the midst of the most remote deserts。
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PART IV
I am in doubt as to the propriety of making my first meditations in the
place above mentioned matter of discourse�察�for these are so metaphysical�察�
and so unmon�察�as not�察�perhaps�察�to be acceptable to every one。 And
yet�察�that it may be determined whether the foundations that I have laid are
sufficiently secure�察 �I find myself in a measure constrained to advert to
them。 I had long before remarked that�察 �in relation to practice�察 �it is
sometimes necessary to adopt�察 �as if above doubt�察 �opinions which we
discern to be highly uncertain�察 �as has been already said�察 �but as I then
desired to give my attention solely to the search after truth�察�I thought that a
procedure exactly the opposite was called for�察�and that I ought to reject as
absolutely false all opinions in regard to which I could suppose the least
ground for doubt�察�in order to ascertain whether after that there remained
aught in my belief that was wholly indubitable。 Accordingly�察�seeing that
our senses sometimes deceive us�察 �I was willing to suppose that there
existed nothing really such as they presented to us�察�and because some men
err in reasoning�察�and fall into paralogisms�察�even on the simplest matters of
geometry�察�I�察�convinced that I was as open to error as any other�察�rejected as
false all the reasonings I had hitherto taken for demonstrations�察�and finally�察�
when I considered that the very same thoughts ��presentations�� which we
experience when awake may also be experienced when we are asleep�察�
while there is at that time not one of them true�察 �I supposed that all the
objects ��presentations�� that had ever entered into my mind when awake�察�
had in them no more truth than the illusions of my dreams。 But
immediately upon this I observed that�察�whilst I thus wished to think that all
was false�察�it was absolutely necessary that I�察�who thus thought�察�should be
somewhat�察 �and as I observed that this truth�察 �I think�察 �therefore I am
��COGITO ERGO SUM���察 �was so certain and of such evidence that no
ground of doubt�察 �however extravagant�察 �could be alleged by the sceptics
capable of shaking it�察�I concluded that I might�察�without scruple�察�accept it
as the first principle of the philosophy of which I was in search
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In the next place�察�I attentively examined what I was and as I observed
that I could suppose that I had no body�察�and that there was no world nor
any place in which I might be�察�but that I could not therefore suppose that I
was not�察 �and that�察 �on the contrary�察 �from the very circumstance that I
thought to doubt of the truth of other things�察�it most clearly and certainly
followed that I was�察�while�察�on the other hand�察�if I had only ceased to think�察�
although all the other objects which I had ever imagined had been in
reality existent�察 �I would have had no reason to believe that I existed�察 �I
thence concluded that I was a substance whose whole essence or nature
consists only in thinking�察 �and which�察 �that it may exist�察 �has need of no
place�察�nor is dependent on any material thing�察�so that ; I�察─�that is to say�察�the
mind by which I am what I am�察�is wholly distinct from the body�察�and is
even more easily known than the latter�察�and is such�察�that although the latter
were not�察�it would still continue to be all that it is。
After this I inquired in general into what is essential I to the truth and
certainty of a proposition�察�for since I had discovered one which I knew to
be true�察�I thought that I must likewise be able to discover the ground of
this certitude。 And as I observed that in the words I think�察�therefore I am�察�
there is nothing at all which gives me assurance of their truth beyond this�察�
that I see very clearly that in order to think it is necessary to exist�察 �I
concluded that I might take�察 �as a general rule�察 �the principle�察 �that all the
things which we very clearly and distinctly conceive are true�察 �only
observing�察�however�察�that there is some difficulty in rightly determining the
objects which we distinctly conceive。
In the next place�察�from reflecting on the circumstance that I doubted�察�
and that consequently my being was not wholly perfect ��for I clearly saw
that it was a greater perfection to know than to doubt���察�I was led to inquire
whence I had learned to think of something more perfect than myself�察�and
I clearly recognized that I must hold this notion from some nature which
in reality was more perfect。 As for the thoughts of many other objects
external to me�察�as of the sky�察�the earth�察�light�察�heat�察�and a thousand more�察�I
was less at a loss to know whence these came�察 �for since I remarked in
them nothing which seemed to render them superior to myself�察 �I could
believe that�察�if these were true�察�they were dependencies on my own nature�察�
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in so far as it possessed a certain perfection�察�and�察�if they were false�察�that I
held them from nothing�察�that is to say�察�that they were in me because of a
certain imperfection of my nature。 But this could not be the case with´
the idea of a nature more perfect than myself�察 �for to receive it from
nothing was a thing manifestly impossible�察 �and�察 �because it is not less
repugnant that the more perfect should be an effect of�察�and dependence on
the less perfect�察�than that something should proceed from nothing�察�it was
equally impossible that I could hold it from myself�此 �accordingly�察 �it but
remained that it had been placed in me by a nature which was in reality
more perfect than mine�察 �and which even possessed within itself all the
perfections of which I could form any idea�察�that is to say�察�in a single word�察�
which was God。 And to this I added that�察�since I knew some perfections
which I did not possess�察�I was not the only being in existence ��I will here�察�
with your permission�察 �freely use the terms of the schools���察 �but�察 �on the
contrary�察�that there was of necessity some other more perfect Being upon
whom I was dependent�察�an