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war of the classes(竣雫況尸)-及13何蛍

弌傍�� war of the classes(竣雫況尸) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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impecunious   minister�察  �and   the   next   time   it   is   HIS   turn   to   scab   while   a 

brother minister is hardening his heart to a call。 The scab is everywhere。 

The professional strike´breakers�察�who as a class receive large wages�察�will 

scab    on   one    another�察  �while    scab   unions    are   even    formed    to   prevent 

scabbing upon scabs。 



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     There are non´scabs�察�but they are usually born so�察�and are protected by 

the whole might of society in the possession of their food and shelter。 King 

Edward is such a type�察�as are all individuals who receive hereditary food´ 

and´shelter privileges��such as the present Duke of Bedford�察�for instance�察�

who   yearly   receives   75��000   from   the   good   people   of   London   because 

some former king gave some former ancestor of his the market privileges 

of Covent Garden。 The irresponsible rich are likewise non´scabs��and by 

them   is   meant   that   coupon´clipping   class   which   hires   its   managers   and 

brains to invest the money usually left it by its ancestors。 

     Outside   these   lucky   creatures�察  �all   the   rest�察  �at   one   time   or   another   in 

their lives�察�are scabs�察�at one time or another are engaged in giving more for 

a certain   price than   any one   else。 The   meek professor   in some   endowed 

institution�察�by his meek suppression of his convictions�察�is giving more for 

his salary than gave the other and more outspoken professor whose chair 

he occupies。 And when a political party dangles a full dinner´pail in the 

eyes of the toiling masses�察�it is offering more for a vote than the dubious 

dollar of the opposing party。 Even a money´lender is not above taking a 

slightly lower rate of interest and saying nothing about it。 

     Such   is   the   tangle   of   conflicting   interests   in   a   tooth´and´nail   society 

that   people   cannot   avoid   being   scabs�察  �are   often   made   so   against   their 

desires�察  �and   are   often   unconsciously   made   so。  When   several   trades   in   a 

certain     locality   demand       and   receive     an   advance     in   wages�察   �they    are 

unwittingly making scabs of their fellow´laborers in that district who have 

received   no   advance   in   wages。   In   San   Francisco   the   barbers�察  �laundry´ 

workers�察  �and   milk´wagon          drivers   received   such      an   advance   in   wages。 

Their employers promptly added the amount of this advance to the selling 

price of their wares。 The price of shaves�察�of washing�察�and of milk went up。 

This   reduced   the   purchasing   power   of   the   unorganized   laborers�察  �and�察  �in 

point of fact�察�reduced their wages and made them greater scabs。 

     Because the British laborer is disinclined to scab��that is�察�because he 

restricts his output in order to give less for the wage he receives��it is to a 

certain   extent   made   possible   for   the American   capitalist�察  �who   receives   a 

less   restricted   output   from   his   laborers�察  �to   play   the   scab   on   the   English 

capitalist。 As a result of this�察。�of course combined with other causes���察�the 



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American capitalist and the American laborer are striking at the food and 

shelter of the English capitalist and laborer。 

     The English laborer is starving today because�察�among other things�察�he 

is not a scab。 He practises the policy of ;ca' canny�察─�which may be defined 

as ;go easy。; In order to get most for least�察�in many trades he performs but 

from one´fourth to one´sixth of the labor he is well able to perform。 An 

instance   of   this   is   found   in   the   building   of   the   Westinghouse   Electric 

Works at Manchester。 The British limit per man was 400 bricks per day。 

The   Westinghouse   Company   imported   a   ;driving;   American   contractor�察�

aided     by   half   a  dozen     ;driving;     American      foremen�察     �and   the   British 

bricklayer   swiftly   attained       an   average   of   1800     bricks   per   day�察  �with   a 

maximum of 2500 bricks for the plainest work。 

     But�察  �the   British    laborer's   policy   of   ;ca'   canny�察─  �which      is   the  very 

honorable one of giving least for most�察�and which is likewise the policy of 

the    English     capitalist�察  �is   nevertheless      frowned     upon     by   the   English 

capitalist�察  �whose   business   existence   is   threatened   by  the   great American 

scab。   From   the   rise   of   the   factory   system�察  �the   English   capitalist   gladly 

embraced the opportunity�察�wherever he found it�察�of giving least for most。 

He did it all over the world whenever he enjoyed a market monopoly�察�and 

he did it at home with the laborers employed in his mills�察�destroying them 

like flies till prevented�察�within limits�察�by the passage of the Factory Acts。 

Some of the proudest fortunes of England today may trace their origin to 

the giving of least for most to the miserable slaves of the factory towns。 

But   at   the   present    time   the   English   capitalist   is   outraged     because     his 

laborers are employing against him precisely the same policy he employed 

against   them�察  �and   which   he   would   employ  again   did   the   chance   present 

itself。 

     Yet ;ca' canny; is a disastrous thing to the British laborer。 It has driven 

ship´building from  England   to   Scotland�察�bottle´making   from  Scotland   to 

Belgium�察      �flint´glass´making       from     England     to   Germany�察     �and    today    is 

steadily driving industry after industry to other countries。 A correspondent 

from   Northampton   wrote   not   long   ago�此   �Factories   are   working   half   and 

third   time。  。   。  。 There   is   no   strike�察 �there   is no   real labor trouble�察 �but   the 

masters      and   men    are   alike   suffering    from   sheer    lack    of  employment。 



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Markets which were once theirs are now American。; It would seem that 

the unfortunate British laborer is 'twixt the devil and the deep sea。 If he 

gives     most    for  least�察  �he   faces   a  frightful    slavery    such    as  marked      the 

beginning   of   the   factory   system。   If   he   gives   least   for   most�察  �he   drives 

industry away to other countries and has no work at all。 

     But the union laborers of the United States have nothing of which to 

boast�察�while�察�according to their trade´union ethics�察�they have a great deal 

of   which   to   be   ashamed。   They   passionately   preach   short   hours   and   big 

wages�察  �the   shorter   the   hours   and   the   bigger   the   wages   the   better。   Their 

hatred for a scab is as terrible as the hatred of a patriot for a traitor�察�of a 

Christian for a Judas。 And in the face of all this�察�they are as colossal scabs 

as the United States is a colossal scab。 For all of their boasted unions and 

high   labor   ideals�察  �they   are   about   the   most   thoroughgoing   scabs   on   the 

planet。 

     Receiving   4。50   per   day�察  �because   of   his   proficiency   and            immense 

working power�察�the American laborer has been known to scab upon scabs 

��so called�� who took his place and received only 0。90 per day for a longer 

day。 In this particular instance�察�five Chinese coolies�察�working longer hours�察�

gave   less   value   for   the   price   received   from   their   employer   than   did   one 

American laborer。 

     It is upon his brother laborers overseas that the American laborer most 

outrageously scabs。 As Mr。 Casson has shown�察�an English nail´ maker gets 

3   per   week�察  �while   an   American   nail´maker   gets   30。   But   the   English 

worker turns out 200 pounds of nails per week�察�while the American turns 

out 5500 pounds。 If he were as ;fair; as his English brother�察�other things 

being   equal�察  �he   would   be   receiving�察  �at   the   English   worker's   rate   of   pay�察�

82。50。 As   it   is�察  �he   is   scabbing   upon   his   English   brother   to   the   tune   of 

79。50      per   week。    Dr。   Schultze´     Gaevernitz      has   shown      that  a  German 

weaver produces   466   yards   of   cotton   a   week at   a   cost   of   。303 per   yard�察�

while an American weaver produces 1200 yards at a cost of 。02 per yard。 

     But�察   �it  may    be   objected�察    �a  great    part  of   this   is  due   to  the   more 

improved American machinery。 Very true�察�but none the less a great part is 

still   due   to   the   superior   energy�察  �skill�察  �and   willingness   of   the   American 

laborer。   The   English   laborer   is   faithful   to   the   policy   of   ;ca'   canny。;   He 



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refuses point´blank to get the work out of a machine that the New World 

scab gets out of a machine。 Mr。 Maxim�察�observing a wasteful hand´labor 

process     in  his   English    factory�察  �invented     a  machine     which    he   proved 

capable of displacing several men。 But workman after workman was put at 

the machine�察�and without exception they turned out neither more nor less 

than   a   workman   turned   out   by   hand。   They   obeyed   the   mandate   of   the 

union and went easy�察�while Mr。 Maxim gave up in despair。 Nor will the 

British workman run machines at as high speed as the American�察�nor will 

he    run   so   many。    An    American      workman       will   ;give   equal    attention 

simultaneously to three�察�four�察�or six machines or tools�察�while the British 

workman is compelle

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